Table 5.

Reference values (mean ± standard deviation) for key performance indicators retrieved from female 2021 European championship finalists with significant difference (*) to the 2016 finalists.

Event	Start time (s)	Breakout distance (m) after start	Turn time (s)	Breakout distance (m) after turn	Clean swimming velocity (m/s)	Stroke rate (bpm)	Distance per stroke (m)
Butterfly
100 m	6.33 ± 0.182.02*	13.2 ± 1.00.94	11.63 ± 0.25−0.08	9.7 ± 2.20.83	1.63 ± 0.02−0.48	56.4 ± 3.00.23	1.74 ± 0.10−0.37
200 m	6.96 ± 0.190.54	12.0 ± 1.10.06	12.88 ± 0.16−0.95	8.0 ± 1.50.25	1.50 ± 0.020.07	51.6 ± 2.50.07	1.75 ± 0.09−0.07
Backstroke
100 m	7.09 ± 0.200.69*	13.4 ± 0.50.41	11.48 ± 0.29−0.36	10.0 ± 2.1−0.34	1.58 ± 0.040.07	48.1 ± 3.4−0.65	1.97 ± 0.150.65
200 m	7.61 ± 0.240.00	13.0 ± 0.70.16	12.43 ± 0.22−0.30	8.5 ± 1.60.52	1.48 ± 0.030.90	41.1 ± 4.0−0.87	2.18 ± 0.201.18*
Breaststroke
100 m	7.55 ± 0.250.69*	12.5 ± 0.51.10*	13.37 ± 0.16−0.12	8.7 ± 0.50.90	1.43 ± 0.010.88*	48.6 ± 6.10.31	1.79 ± 0.22−0.07
200 m	7.83 ± 0.151.27*	13.1 ± 0.80.84*	14.05 ± 0.24−0.28	9.2 ± 0.62.04*	1.34 ± 0.020.28	35.8 ± 3.8−0.21	2.27 ± 0.240.32
Freestyle
50 m	6.01 ± 0.171.58*	11.8 ± 0.90.81			1.91 ± 0.020.66	60.2 ± 2.9−0.18	1.91 ± 0.080.40
100 m	6.25 ± 0.201.61*	11.8 ± 1.10.89	10.62 ± 0.150.19	7.2 ± 1.30.87	1.77 ± 0.020.71	49.1 ± 2.8−0.42	2.17 ± 0.130.57
200 m	6.65 ± 0.171.82*	10.5 ± 0.70.99	11.51 ± 0.16−0.40	5.4 ± 0.81.03	1.64 ± 0.02−0.20	43.7 ± 2.8−0.41	2.25 ± 0.140.36
400 m	7.15 ± 0.230.67	9.94 ± 1.10.04	12.11 ± 0.14−1.21*	3.9 ± 0.7−0.63	1.57 ± 0.020.42	45.2 ± 4.80.32	2.10 ± 0.22−0.19
800 m	7.23 ± 0.221.76*	9.73 ± 0.90.46	12.21 ± 0.16−0.12	4.0 ± 0.5−0.76	1.53 ± 0.020.08	44.8 ± 3.80.36	2.06 ± 0.16−0.33
Individual medley
200 m	6.74 ± 0.240.66	12.3 ± 1.10.75	13.17 ± 0.230.03	7.2 ± 1.10.41	1.47 ± 0.010.38	45.2 ± 2.4−0.02	1.96 ± 0.110.10
400 m	7.08 ± 0.280.45	12.0 ± 1.10.54	13.76 ± 0.26−0.47	6.2 ± 0.4−0.33	1.39 ± 0.020.23	42.0 ± 2.3−0.10	1.99 ± 0.090.15

Positive and negative effect sizes in _{subscript font} indicate improved or decreased performance, respectively.