Table 1.
Summary of Hospital Characteristics Categorized by Adoption Phase and Rurality
| HOSPITAL CHARACTERISTICS | FULL ADOPTER |
PARTIAL ADOPTER |
NONADOPTER |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RURAL (N = 105) | URBAN (N = 125) | p | RURAL (N = 278) | URBAN (N = 335) | p | RURAL (N = 1,625) | URBAN (N = 1,636) | p | |
| Mean ED visit volume per year | 17,054 | 57,512 | <0.001 | 13,565 | 47,373 | <0.001 | 11,471 | 44,219 | <0.001 |
| Mean number of licensed beds | 71 | 419 | <0.001 | 65 | 312 | <0.001 | 60 | 198 | <0.001 |
| Mean distance to nearest hospital with stroke and/or cardiology telemedicine | 25.15 | 5.91 | <0.001 | 25.23 | 7.36 | <0.001 | 26.46 | 8.08 | <0.001 |
| Mean total margin (%) | 4.01 | 8.01 | <0.001 | 3.01 | 5.01 | <0.001 | 2.01 | 5.01 | <0.001 |
| Mean days cash on hand | 125 | 147 | <0.001 | 144 | 109 | <0.001 | 108 | 99 | <0.001 |
| Mean Medicare inpatient mix | 0.56 | 0.37 | <0.001 | 0.59 | 0.38 | <0.001 | 0.63 | 0.39 | <0.001 |
| Hospital ownership | |||||||||
| Government, nonfederal (%) | 40 (38.10) | 21 (16.80) | <0.001 | 77 (27.21) | 26 (7.76) | <0.001 | 613 (37.73) | 209 (12.87) | <0.001 |
| Investor-owned, for-profit (%) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (3.20) | <0.001 | 12 (4.24) | 35 (10.45) | <0.001 | 169 (10.40) | 386 (23.59) | <0.001 |
| Nongovernment, non-for-profit (%) | 65 (61.90) | 98 (78.40) | <0.001 | 193 (68.20) | 265 (79.10) | <0.001 | 825 (50.77) | 1,011 (61.80) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 0 (0.00) | 2 (1.60) | <0.001 | 1 (0.35) | 9 (2.69) | <0.001 | 18 (1.11) | 30 (1.83) | <0.001 |
| Hospital type | |||||||||
| Academic (%) | 0 (0.00) | 11 (8.80) | <0.001 | 2 (0.70) | 25 (7.46) | <0.001 | 1 (0.06) | 90 (5.50) | <0.001 |
| Critical access (%) | 53 (50.48) | 8 (6.40) | <0.001 | 145 (51.24) | 29 (7.66) | <0.001 | 889 (54.70) | 118 (7.21) | <0.001 |
| General medical (%) | 2 (1.90) | 0 (0.00) | <0.001 | 1 (0.35) | 3 (0.90) | <0.001 | 29 (1.78) | 13 (0.78) | <0.001 |
| General medical and surgical (%) | 50 (47.62) | 106 (84.80) | <0.001 | 135 (47.70) | 278 (82.99) | <0.001 | 706 (43.45) | 1,415 (86.49) | <0.001 |
| Teaching hospital (%) | 7 (6.67) | 83 (66.40) | <0.001 | 10 (3.53) | 153 (45.67) | <0.001 | 59 (3.63) | 674 (41.20) | <0.001 |
ED, emergency department.