Appendix Table A1. The List of All Variables Included in the Study

NAME	DESCRIPTION
Outcome variable
Stroke or cardiac care program adoption	Yes, no
Explanatory variables
ED visit volume per year	Number of emergency department visits each year
Number of beds	Number of beds in each hospital
Distance to nearest hospital with telemedicine for stroke and/or cardiac (in miles)	Distant sites are defined as medical centers that provide stroke or cardiac care through telehealth consultation services using synchronous live video to other hospitals
Total margin	Net income divided by total revenues (X 100)
Days cash on hand	(Cash + marketable securities + unrestricted investments) divided by [(total expenses-depreciation)/days in period]
Medicare inpatient payer mix	Medicare inpatient days divided by (total inpatient days − nursery bed days − NF swing bed days) (X 100)
Hospital ownership	Government, nonfederal; investor owned, for-profit; nongovernment, not-for-profit
Ruralitya	Short-term, nonfederal general facilities that were (1) located outside metropolitan core-based statistical areas, (2) within metropolitan areas and having rural-urban commuting area codes of four or greater, or (3) with critical access hospitalb status
Hospital type	Academic, critical access hospital, general medical, general medical and surgical
Teaching status	Teaching, nonteaching

^a Rurality was defined according to the criteria specified by the Federal Office of Rural Health Policy and other federal programs (https://www.hrsa.gov/rural-health/about-us/definition/index.html).

^b Acute care hospitals were defined as short-term hospitals that provide care in a range of areas, including emergency medicine; therefore, hospitals that focus on longterm care or specialty care (e.g., cancer hospitals and substance use facilities) were not included.

ED, emergency department.