Table 2. Themes and subthemes summarising healthcare practitioners and consumers experiences with DIVA.

Theme 1: Harmful patient experiences persist, with consumer insights not leveraged to effect changeSubthemes ■ Feeling invisible ■ Risk and anticipation of failed PIVC attempts ■ Inflexible processes which don’t consider patients’ needs

Theme 2: ‘Escalation’ is just a word on the front lines.Subthemes ■ Providing day-to-day care for DIVA patients ■ Reliance on ‘have a go’ culture ■ Forced to insert PIVCs in an environment lacking resources and support.

Theme 3: Heightened risk of insertion failure without resources and training.Subthemes ■ Awareness of the benefit of a DIVA pathway ■ Education and equipment to support a skilled workforce ■ Inserter role and accreditation clarity

Theme 4: Theme 4: Paving the way forward–‘measures need to be in place to prevent failed insertion attempts’.Subthemes ■ System approach including protocols ■ DIVA identification processes