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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Nanobiomed Res. 2021 Dec 7;2(3):2100122. doi: 10.1002/anbr.202100122

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Intriguing characteristics of engineered nanoparticle vaccine platforms. (A) Nanoparticles facilitate targeted antigen/adjuvant delivery to dLNs and immune cells. (B) Nanoparticles cooperate with molecular adjuvants to induce innate immunity. (C) The nanosize, high antigen loads, and controlled antigen releases enhance B cell activation and GC reactions, producing high-affinity antibody responses. (D) Nanoparticles trafficking cargos into the cytoplasm facilitate cross-presentation of exogenous antigens and delivery of nucleic acid vaccines. dLNs, draining lymph nodes. GC, germinal center. Abs, antibodies. bnAbs, broadly neutralizing antibodies. NK, natural killer. MHC, major histocompatibility complex. TCR, T-cell receptor.