Table 3.
Rates and odds ratios of SARS-CoV-2 infection by number of risk factors and degree of regional racial/ethnic diversity, prior to (weeks of January 1 to April 12, 2020) and following (weeks of April 19 to June 7, 2020; weeks of June 14 to December 27, 2020) the peak of the first wave of the pandemic among community-dwelling individuals in Ontario, Canada.
| Weeks of January 1–April 12, 2020 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Racial/ethnic diversity quartile 1 (≤ 2.5%; least diverse) | COVID-19 positive (n = 390) (4.8%) | Total (n = 8123) | OR (95% CI) | P-trend |
| Number of risk factors | ||||
| 0 | 64 (4.2%) | 1518 | Referent | 0.017 |
| 1 | 105 (4.3%) | 2451 | 1.02 (0.74–1.40) | |
| 2 | 98 (4.9%) | 1989 | 1.18 (0.85–1.63) | |
| 3 + | 123 (5.7%) | 2165 | 1.37 (1.004–1.87) | |
| Racial/ethnic diversity quartile 2 (2.6–4.0%) | COVID-19 positive (n = 348) (3.1%) | Total (n = 11,333) | OR (95% CI) | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of risk factors | ||||
| 0 | 49 (2.2%) | 2263 | Referent | 0.308 |
| 1 | 118 (3.4%) | 3445 | 1.60 (1.14–2.25) | |
| 2 | 99 (3.7%) | 2676 | 1.74 (1.23–2.46) | |
| 3 + | 82 (2.8%) | 2949 | 1.29 (0.90–1.85) | |
| Racial/ethnic diversity quartile 3 (4.1–17.6%) | COVID-19 positive (n = 1184) (5.5%) | Total (n = 21,560) | OR (95% CI) | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of risk factors | ||||
| 0 | 142 (3.1%) | 4556 | Referent | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 336 (4.8%) | 6960 | 1.58 (1.29–1.93) | |
| 2 | 307 (5.8%) | 5337 | 1.90 (1.55–2.32) | |
| 3 + | 399 (6.8%) | 5891 | 2.26 (1.86–2.75) | |
| Racial/ethnic diversity quartile 4 (≥ 17.7%; most diverse) | COVID-19 positive (n = 7071) (9.3%) | Total (n = 76,270) | OR (95% CI) | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of risk factors | ||||
| 0 | 704 (5.8%) | 12,052 | Referent | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 1684 (7.9%) | 21,390 | 1.38 (1.26–1.51) | |
| 2 | 1897 (9.8%) | 19,320 | 1.76 (1.61–1.92) | |
| 3 + | 2786 (11.9%) | 23,508 | 2.17 (1.99–2.36) | |
| Weeks of April 19–June 7, 2020 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Racial/ethnic diversity quartile 1 (≤ 2.5%; least diverse) | COVID-19 positive (n = 165) (0.5%) | Total (n = 36,173) | OR (95% CI) | P-trend |
| Number of risk factors | ||||
| 0–1 | 15 (0.5%) | 2785 | Referent | 0.32 |
| 2 | 61 (0.4%) | 15,899 | 0.71 (0.40–1.25) | |
| 3 | 59 (0.5%) | 11,772 | 0.93 (0.53–1.64) | |
| 4 + | 30 (0.5%) | 5717 | 0.97 (0.52–1.81) | |
| Racial/ethnic diversity quartile 2 (2.6–4.0%) | COVID-19 positive (n = 204) (0.3%) | Total (n = 59,811) | OR (95% CI) | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of risk factors | ||||
| 0–1 | 15 (0.3%) | 4509 | Referent | 0.63 |
| 2 | 79 (0.3%) | 25,811 | 0.92 (0.53–1.60) | |
| 3 | 80 (0.4%) | 19,524 | 1.23 (0.71–2.14) | |
| 4 + | 30 (0.3%) | 9967 | 0.91 (0.49–1.68) | |
| Racial/ethnic diversity quartile 3 (4.1–17.6%) | COVID-19 positive (n = 924) (1.0%) | Total (n = 91,689) | OR (95% CI) | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of risk factors | ||||
| 0–1 | 73 (0.9%) | 7813 | Referent | < 0.001 |
| 2 | 330 (0.9%) | 37,713 | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) | |
| 3 | 334 (1.1%) | 30,886 | 1.16 (0.90–1.50) | |
| 4 + | 187 (1.2%) | 15,277 | 1.31 (1.001–1.73) | |
| Racial/ethnic diversity quartile 4 (≥ 17.7%; most diverse) | COVID-19 positive (n = 10,238) (3.8%) | Total (n = 272,120) | OR (95% CI) | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of risk factors | ||||
| 0–1 | 258 (1.3%) | 19,583 | Referent | < 0.001 |
| 2 | 2128 (2.5%) | 86,572 | 1.89 (1.66–2.15) | |
| 3 | 3928 (3.9%) | 99,931 | 3.07 (2.70–3.48) | |
| 4 + | 3924 (5.9%) | 66,034 | 4.73 (4.17–5.37) | |
| Weeks of June 14–December 27, 2020 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Racial/ethnic diversity quartile 1 (≤ 2.5%; least diverse) | COVID-19 positive (n = 1757) (1.1%) | Total (n = 165,328) | OR (95% CI) | P-trend |
| Number of risk factors | ||||
| 0–1 | 119 (0.9%) | 13,182 | Referent | 0.202 |
| 2 | 706 (1.0%) | 69,152 | 1.13 (0.93–1.38) | |
| 3 | 696 (1.2%) | 58,292 | 1.33 (1.09–1.61) | |
| 4 + | 236 (1.0%) | 24,702 | 1.06 (0.85–1.32) | |
| Racial/ethnic diversity quartile 2 (2.6–4.0%) | COVID-19 positive (n = 4106) (1.6%) | Total (n = 263,851) | OR (95% CI) | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of risk factors | ||||
| 0–1 | 326 (1.6%) | 20,488 | Referent | 0.847 |
| 2 | 1677 (1.5%) | 111,082 | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | |
| 3 | 1514 (1.7%) | 91,370 | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | |
| 4 + | 589 (1.4%) | 40,911 | 0.90 (0.79–1.04) | |
| Racial/ethnic diversity quartile 3 (4.1–17.6%) | COVID-19 positive (n = 14,271) (2.8%) | Total (n = 503,567) | OR (95% CI) | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of risk factors | ||||
| 0–1 | 1217 (2.5%) | 48,229 | Referent | < 0.001 |
| 2 | 5374 (2.6%) | 207,764 | 1.03 (0.96–1.09) | |
| 3 | 5112 (2.9%) | 173,600 | 1.17 (1.10–1.25) | |
| 4 + | 2568 (3.5%) | 73,974 | 1.39 (1.30–1.49) | |
| Racial/ethnic diversity quartile 4 (≥ 17.7%; most diverse) | COVID-19 positive (n = 102,156) (6.2%) | Total (n = 1,656,744) | OR (95% CI) | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of risk factors | ||||
| 0–1 | 3869 (2.8%) | 140,562 | Referent | < 0.001 |
| 2 | 25,068 (4.5%) | 558,357 | 1.66 (1.60–1.72) | |
| 3 | 39,653 (6.6%) | 603,726 | 2.48 (2.40–2.57) | |
| 4 + | 33,566 (9.5%) | 354,099 | 3.70 (3.58–3.83) | |
Number of potential risk factors prior to the first wave: male sex, age > 45 years, lowest quintile of neighborhood income, Canadian immigrant, history of frailty, hypertension, and diabetes; following the first wave: male sex, age < 85 years, neighborhood income quintiles 1-4, Canadian immigrant, hypertension, and diabetes.
Region was categorized by quartiles of community racial/ethnic diversity rate.