Figure 1:

Schematic representation of speculated interactions of key inhibitory stress mediators upon GnRH neurons and/or upstream AVPV^Kiss1 and KNDy cells. A) CRH & UCN peptides, B) NE/EPI, C) CGRP, D) Glucocorticoids (in sheep and mice, but not rats, see text for details); GR expression is indicated in AVPV^Kiss1 and KNDy cells (closed circle) and absent in GnRH cells (dashed circle), E) RFRP-3. Solid arrows indicate evidence supporting direct regulation. Dashed arrows indicate evidence supporting indirect regulation. Filled Arrow heads indicated positive regulation. Open arrow heads indicate negative regulation. ND indicates no data available. Question marks indicate evidence supporting regulation of unclear directionality. Note, cartoon schematics largely based on data from rodents.