Table 2.
Concentrations of urinary phthalates metabolites in all samples or specific stage of pregnancy (n=450).
| Phthalates and the urinary metabolites (ng/mL) | % > LOD in all samples | Median (P25, P75) g | ICC h | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early pregnancy | Mid pregnancy | Late pregnancy | |||
|
| |||||
| Low Molecular Weight (LMW) a | |||||
| Mono-methyl phthalate (MMP) | 62.0 | 1.76 (<LOD, 5.63) | 1.60 (<LOD, 5.46) | 1.47 (<LOD, 5.00) | 0.62 |
| Mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) | 99.6 | 34.18 (14.70, 96.80) | 31.62 (13.33, 84.60) | 31.98 (12.31, 104.00) | 0.50 |
| Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) | 99.0 | 12.10 (4.89, 24.55) | 12.75 (4.93, 26.76) | 11.48 (5.13, 23.56) | 0.55 |
| Monocyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP) | 5.9 | <LOD (<LOD, <LOD) | <LOD (<LOD, <LOD) | <LOD (<LOD, <LOD) | / |
| Mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) | 96.9 | 6.76 (2.72, 14.90) | 7.17 (3.12, 16.23) | 7.15 (2.94, 16.70) | 0.22 |
| Mono-n-pentyl phthalate (MPeP) | 1.3 | <LOD (<LOD, <LOD) | <LOD (<LOD, <LOD) | <LOD (<LOD, <LOD) | / |
| Mono-isopropyl phthalate (MiPrP) | 13.7 | <LOD (<LOD, <LOD) | <LOD (<LOD, <LOD) | <LOD (<LOD, <LOD) | / |
| ∑LMW b | / | 359.92 (158.36, 765.79) | 325.76 (148.58, 679.37) | 331.64 (146.11, 818.11) | 0.48 |
| High Molecular Weight (HMW) a | |||||
| Mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) | 99.3 | 6.19 (2.65, 11.63) | 6.03 (2.83, 10.89) | 5.99 (2.82, 11.59) | 0.26 |
| Mono-[(2-carboxymethyl) hexyl] phthalate (MCMHP) | 97.4 | 2.30 (1.13, 5.55) | 2.57 (1.24, 5.15) | 2.61 (1.23, 5.04) | 0.26 |
| Mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) | 99.5 | 3.35 (1.59, 6.53) | 3.72 (1.82, 6.68) | 3.75 (1.81, 6.93) | 0.39 |
| Mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) | 99.5 | 6.27 (2.69, 12.10) | 5.84 (2.94, 10.99) | 5.89 (2.74, 11.17) | 0.27 |
| Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) | 69.9 | 1.25 (<LOD, 3.67) | 1.27 (<LOD, 3.68) | 1.44 (<LOD, 3.45) | 0.33 |
| ∑DEHP c | / | 69.38 (31.49, 136.33) | 69.13 (34.76, 125.67) | 69.08 (35.36, 136.61) | 0.34 |
| Mono-isononyl phthalate (MiNP) | 55.6 | 0.76 (<LOD, 3.40) | 0.77 (<LOD, 4.17) | 0.68 (<LOD, 4.47) | 0.61 |
| Mono-(carboxyisooctyl) phthalate (MCiOP) | 98.1 | 1.44 (0.69, 3.22) | 1.65 (0.73, 3.12) | 1.54 (0.71, 3.11) | 0.05 |
| ∑DiNP d | / | 10.10 (4.57, 25.15) | 11.23 (4.63, 26.44) | 10.58 (4.32, 27.48) | 0.18 |
| Mono-octyl phthalate (MOP) | 7.3 | <LOD (<LOD, <LOD) | <LOD (<LOD, <LOD) | <LOD (<LOD, <LOD) | / |
| Mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) | 90.4 | 0.82 (0.45, 1.38) | 0.80 (0.46, 1.46) | 0.81 (0.45, 1.41) | 0.03 |
| Mono-(7-carboxyheptyl) phthalate (MCHpP) | 52.7 | 0.15 (<LOD, 1.09) | 0.17 (<LOD, 1.12) | 0.13 (<LOD, 0.90) | 0.13 |
| ∑DnOP e | / | 4.80 (2.61, 10.63) | 5.04 (2.64, 10.25) | 4.68 (2.51, 9.64) | 0.13 |
| Mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) | 88.6 | 2.40 (0.71, 6.41) | 2.28 (0.62, 7.16) | 2.35 (0.72, 6.63) | 0.83 |
| Mono-(carboxyisononyl) phthalate (MCiNP) | 72.9 | 0.91 (<LOD, 2.29) | 0.73 (<LOD, 1.90) | 0.70 (<LOD, 1.89) | 0.33 |
| Mono-n-hexyl phthalate (MHxP) | 36.2 | <LOD (<LOD, 0.06) | <LOD (<LOD, 0.07) | <LOD (<LOD, 0.06) | / |
| Mono-n-heptyl phthalate (MHpP) | 45.6 | <LOD (<LOD, 0.18) | <LOD (<LOD, 0.18) | <LOD (<LOD, 0.15) | / |
| ∑HMW f | / | 124.56 (59.27, 234.86) | 119.92 (54.49, 225.40) | 120.00 (57.72, 236.05) | 0.45 |
| Phthalic acid (PA) | 98.6 | 17.62 (8.87, 31.34) | 16.27 (8.30, 30.60) | 16.74 (8.23, 32.03) | 0.58 |
High molecular weight (HMW) phthalates include those with molecular weight equal or over 250 Dalton and low molecular weight (LMW) are those with molecular weight less than 250 Dalton. Units of molar sums are nmol/L; Units of raw chemicals are ng/mL.
∑LMW was molar sum of MMP, MEP, MBP, MiBP. MCHP, MiPrP and MPeP were excluded because of low detection rates.
∑DEHP was molar sum of MECPP, MCMHP, mEOHP, MEHHP, MEHP.
∑DiNP was molar sum of MiNP, MCiOP.
∑DnOP was molar sum of MCPP, MCHpP. MOP was excluded because of low detection rate.
∑HMW was molar sum of ∑DEHP, ∑DiNP, ∑DnOP, MBzP, MCiNP. MHxP and MHpP were excluded because of low detection rates.
ICCs were calculated based on two-way mixed effect and K means of multiple raters.
Abbreviation: LOD, limit of detection; ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient.