Table 3.
Associations between demographic factors and phthalates metabolite levels in pregnant women, assessed by linear mixed models (n=450).
| ∑DEHP | ∑DiNP | ∑DnOP | ∑HMW | ∑LMW | ∑Food packaging phthalates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic determinants | %Change (95% CI) a | %Change (95% CI) a | %Change (95% CI) a | %Change (95% CI) a | %Change (95% CI) a | %Change (95% CI) a |
|
| ||||||
| Age at enrollment | 0.89 (−0.36, 2.16) | 2.58 (0.81, 4.39) * | 1.70 (0.24, 3.17) | 0.64 (−0.56, 1.86) | 0.93 (−0.60, 2.48) | 0.94 (−0.23, 2.13) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | −0.51 (−1.62, 0.61) | −1.84 (−3.39, −0.27) | −0.17 (−1.45, 1.13) | −0.12 (−1.19, 0.96) | −0.11 (−1.48, 1.29) | −0.26 (−1.30, 0.79) |
| Parity | ||||||
| Nulliparous | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Multiparous | 1.23 (−11.81, 16.21) | −1.02 (−18.16, 19.71) | −4.99 (−18.98, 11.43) | 7.46 (−5.88, 22.69) | 15.12 (−2.60, 36.07) | 4.92 (−7.81, 19.41) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Hispanic | −1.97 (−20.01, 20.15) | 10.50 (−16.28, 45.85) | −10.66 (−29.44, 13.11) | −1.55 (−19.06, 19.76) | 78.91 (40.11, 128.46) * | 0.14 (−17.30, 21.26) |
| Non-Hispanic White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Non-Hispanic Black | −7.30 (−31.18, 24.88) | −7.79 (−39.29, 40.07) | −38.40 (−56.29, −13.20) * | −3.55 (−27.52, 28.35) | 99.43 (38.35, 187.48) * | −3.85 (−27.23, 27.05) |
| Asian | −3.25 (−22.12, 20.19) | −7.21 (−30.47, 23.83) | −8.33 (−28.83, 18.07) | −0.15 (−19.03, 23.13) | 10.52 (−14.43, 42.74) | −0.72 (−19.12, 21.87) |
| Other | −12.74 (−37.22, 21.30) | 31.43 (−15.97, 105.56) | 23.12 (−16.03, 80.51) | 5.04 (−23.53, 44.29) | 81.61 (22.43, 169.40) * | −0.02 (−26.68, 36.35) |
| Educational levels | ||||||
| High school degree or less | −4.22 (−22.79, 18.81) | 18.95 (−11.38, 59.67) | −24.73 (−41.37, −3.37) | −2.94 (−21.12, 19.43) | −13.97 (−33.61, 11.49) | −5.46 (−22.80, 15.77) |
| Some college but no degree | 8.83 (−20.20, 48.41) | 43.18 (−7.65, 121.97) | −15.28 (−40.70, 21.03) | 4.28 (−22.54, 40.38) | 10.33 (−24.75, 61.77) | 6.49 (−20.30, 42.29) |
| Bachelor’s degree | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Post-graduate degree | 5.83 (−11.24, 26.18) | −7.32 (−26.77, 17.31) | 1.76 (−17.10, 24.90) | 1.02 (−14.76, 19.71) | 6.88 (−13.23, 31.65) | 0.97 (−14.47, 19.21) |
| Employment status | ||||||
| No | 3.12 (−9.82, 17.91) | −1.06 (−18.06, 19.47) | −1.78 (−15.83, 14.60) | −2.80 (−14.52, 10.54) | 2.39 (−13.16, 20.74) | −0.54 (−12.25, 12.74) |
| Yes | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married or living as married | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Single | 15.62 (−4.74, 40.32) | 43.66 (9.42, 88.63) * | 27.31 (1.87, 59.09) | 41.43 (17.46, 70.29) * | 21.63 (−4.14, 54.32) | 28.63 (7.33, 54.16) |
| Sampling season | ||||||
| Winter | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Spring | −7.97 (−19.48, 5.19) | 12.07 (−4.58, 31.62) | 5.98 (−9.68, 24.35) | −7.60 (−18.94, 5.32) | 2.59 (−11.36, 18.74) | −8.25 (−19.33, 4.37) |
| Summer | −6.44 (−18.72, 7.68) | 23.14 (3.69, 46.23) * | 3.87 (−12.14, 22.80) | −5.01 (−17.20, 8.97) | 16.22 (−0.53, 35.80) | −5.07 (−17.06, 8.66) |
| Fall | −4.14 (−15.98, 9.35) | 15.28 (−1.63, 35.10) | 4.12 (−11.06, 21.89) | −1.56 (−13.48, 11.99) | 7.08 (−7.30, 23.68) | −2.28 (−13.93, 10.95) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Never user | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| User, stopped or continued at pregnancy | −26.65 (−36.15, −15.75) * | −16.15 (−31.17, 2.15) | −20.75 (−32.40, −7.10) * | −27.15 (−36.20, −16.81) * | −13.53 (−27.20, 2.71) | −27.24 (−36.06, −17.20) |
| Cotinine levels | ||||||
| Less than 0.013ng/mL | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 0.013ng/mL or more | 0.60 (−10.83, 13.49) | 3.47 (−12.29, 22.07) | 8.65 (−5.52, 24.94) | 2.75 (−8.51, 15.39) | 11.95 (−3.20, 29.47) | 3.82 (−7.31, 16.28) |
| Hospital site | ||||||
| NYU Manhattan | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| NYU Brooklyn | −16.43 (−36.25, 9.55) | −9.77 (−38.06, 31.45) | −8.33 (−32.91, 25.24) | −17.64 (−36.48, 6.80) | 3.90 (−25.31, 44.53) | −15.55 (−34.46, 8.81) |
| Bellevue | −11.57 (−31.73, 14.53) | −17.23 (−41.89, 17.90) | −16.59 (−38.19, 12.56) | −13.63 (−32.67, 10.78) | 29.72 (−4.99, 77.12) | −13.95 (−32.52, 9.73) |
| Annual household income | ||||||
| Less than $49, 999 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| $50, 000 – $100, 000 | 14.38 (−12.36, 49.26) | 10.12 (−23.94, 59.43) | 2.92 (−24.27, 39.87) | 15.80 (−10.30, 49.51) | 34.00 (−3.15, 85.39) | 15.56 (−9.93, 48.25) |
| $100, 000 or more | 2.01 (−20.64, 31.14) | −1.59 (−30.92, 40.18) | −9.70 (−32.36, 20.54) | 1.54 (−20.19, 29.17) | 19.07 (−12.60, 62.21) | 0.93 (−20.18, 27.63) |
| Don’t know | −7.82 (−21.38, 8.10) | −5.46 (−24.67, 18.66) | 3.61 (−13.68, 24.36) | −3.68 (−17.29, 12.17) | 17.61 (−3.50, 43.35) | −6.70 (−19.57, 8.23) |
| Insurance | ||||||
| Public | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Private | −8.70 (−25.21, 11.45) | −2.46 (−26.09, 28.73) | −2.79 (−22.77, 22.34) | −8.02 (−24.05, 11.39) | 14.53 (−10.20, 46.07) | −9.56 (−24.97, 9.01) |
a
Adjusted for dietary factors, including intakes of vegetable, fruit, grains, dairy, meat, seafood, egg, nuts and seeds, dried beans and peas, soy product and energy intake. ; Chemicals were natural log-transformed. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) was applied in the models to correct the potential selection bias.
*
P < 0.0167, significant associations after multiple comparison correction.
Abbreviations; BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval.