Table 4.
Associations between dietary factors and phthalates metabolite levels in pregnant women, assessed by linear mixed models (n=450).
| ∑DEHP | ∑DiNP | ∑DnOP | ∑HMW | ∑LMW | ∑Food packaging phthalates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary factors | %Change (95% CI) a | %Change (95% CI) a | %Change (95% CI) a | %Change (95% CI) a | %Change (95% CI) a | %Change (95% CI) a |
|
| ||||||
| Vegetable | 3.80 (−3.60, 11.76) | 6.72 (−3.80, 18.39) | −3.66 (−11.52, 4.90) | 1.99 (−4.99, 9.48) | 6.50 (−2.74, 16.62) | 2.95 (−3.93, 10.31) |
| Fruit | 2.58 (−3.67, 9.23) | 0.43 (−7.86, 9.47) | −1.46 (−8.37, 5.97) | 0.23 (−5.65, 6.47) | 0.74 (−6.62, 8.67) | 2.11 (−3.74, 8.31) |
| Grains | −2.65 (−12.51, 8.33) | 20.90 (4.51, 39.86) * | −3.75 (−14.95, 8.92) | −4.94 (−14.23, 5.35) | −0.56 (−12.55, 13.07) | −1.87 (−11.25, 8.49) |
| Dairy | 0.05 (−6.70, 7.29) | 6.12 (−3.60, 16.82) | −2.02 (−9.63, 6.23) | 0.31 (−6.21, 7.28) | 2.82 (−5.50, 11.88) | 1.51 (−4.94, 8.39) |
| Meat | 0.54 (−3.02, 4.23) | −5.41 (−9.78, −0.82) | 0.43 (−3.73, 4.77) | 0.51 (−2.95, 4.08) | 1.26 (−2.91, 5.60) | 0.43 (−2.95, 3.93) |
| Seafood | −0.21 (−1.49, 1.07) | 0.48 (−1.28, 2.28) | −2.07 (−3.51, −0.61) * | −0.50 (−1.72, 0.74) | −1.56 (−3.08, −0.01) | −0.36 (−1.55, 0.85) |
| Egg | 0.94 (−1.66, 3.61) | 0.67 (−3.13, 4.62) | 2.09 (−0.89, 5.16) | 1.46 (−1.03, 4.01) | −1.74 (−4.95, 1.59) | 1.43 (−0.98, 3.91) |
| Nuts and seeds | −0.14 (−1.57, 1.31) | −1.49 (−3.47, 0.54) | 0.61 (−1.05, 2.29) | −0.18 (−1.55, 1.21) | −0.10 (−1.86, 1.69) | −0.25 (−1.59, 1.10) |
| Dried beans and peas | 11.39 (5.42, 17.71) * | 12.09 (3.88, 20.94) * | 4.37 (−2.07, 11.25) | 9.31 (3.67, 15.26) * | 0.99 (−5.53, 7.97) | 10.76 (5.17, 16.64) * |
| Quadratic of beans and peas b | 0.44 (0.17, 0.71) * | 0.41 (0.04, 0.78) | 0.11 (−0.20, 0.42) | 0.35 (0.10, 0.61) * | 0.02 (−0.30, 0.35) | 0.41 (0.16, 0.66) * |
| Soy product | 0.46 (−0.28, 1.21) | 0.37 (−0.66, 1.42) | 0.70 (−0.15, 1.57) | 0.63 (−0.08, 1.35) | 0.81 (−0.10, 1.73) | 0.55 (−0.14, 1.25) |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | −8.03 (−25.51, 13.54) | −24.95 (−43.75, 0.13) * | 3.13 (−19.18, 31.61) * | −1.93 (−19.92, 20.10) | −12.26 (−31.93, 13.11) | −9.48 (−25.73, 10.32) |
a
Chemicals were natural log-transformed. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) was applied in the models to correct the potential selection bias.
b
Because partial-linear single-index (PLSI) model indicated a non-linear relationship between beans and peas consumption and phthalate metabolite levels, quadratic of dried beans and peas were added to improve the goodness fit of models.
*
P < 0.0167, significant associations after multiple comparison correction.