Table 1.
Participant Characteristics at Baseline According to the Number of Low-Risk Lifestyle Factors
| Variable | Healthy Lifestyle Score including sleep duration | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
| Nurses’ Health Study (1986) | |||||||
| n (%) | 1,282 (1.9) | 8,808 (13.1) | 20,133 (29.9) | 20,763 (30.8) | 11,717 (17.4) | 3,861 (5.7) | 686 (1.02) |
| Age, years | 45.4 (6.6) | 46.3 (7) | 46.3 (7.1) | 46.2 (7.3) | 46.6 (7.2) | 46.7 (7) | 46.7 (7) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.5 (4.3) | 28.6 (5.3) | 26.8 (5.1) | 24.5 (4.1) | 23.2 (2.9) | 22.4 (2) | 22 (1.6) |
| AHEI | 40.8 (6.9) | 41.4 (7.8) | 43.5 (9.1) | 47.3 (10.5) | 52.5 (10.4) | 57.4 (8.7) | 60.5 (6.7) |
| Physical activity, hours/week | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.6 (1.2) | 1 (2.1) | 1.8 (3.1) | 3.4 (4.3) | 5.6 (4.7) | 7.6 (4.9) |
| Alcohol intake, g/day | 6.3 (14.5) | 5.7 (12.7) | 5.6 (11.5) | 5.9 (10) | 7.2 (9.2) | 8.2 (8) | 9.6 (2.9) |
| Sleep, hours/day | 5.4 (1.1) | 5.6 (1.1) | 6 (1) | 6.1 (0.8) | 6.2 (0.7) | 6.3 (0.6) | 6.3 (0.5) |
| Smoking, current% | 100.0 | 45.9 | 25.5 | 12.6 | 6.0 | 2.1 | 0.0 |
| White, % | 97.2 | 97.2 | 97.8 | 97.9 | 98.3 | 98.3 | 99.4 |
| Multivitamin use, % | 33.1 | 36.9 | 39.8 | 43.6 | 47.7 | 50.5 | 52.8 |
| Aspirin use, % | 61.2 | 67.6 | 68.3 | 67.8 | 67.8 | 66.4 | 68.1 |
| Baseline high blood pressure, % | 22.4 | 21.9 | 18.6 | 14.9 | 11.8 | 10.8 | 7.9 |
| Baseline high blood cholesterol, % | 15.4 | 13.9 | 13.7 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 12.6 |
| Baseline diabetes, % | 7.7 | 6.5 | 5.0 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 0.9 |
| Family history of diabetes, % | 36.5 | 35.1 | 31.9 | 28.5 | 27.3 | 24.5 | 22.3 |
| Family history of cancer, % | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.4 | 15.1 | 15.2 | 15.6 | 17.7 |
| Family history of myocardial infarction, % | 29.5 | 27.8 | 26.6 | 24.5 | 25.0 | 24.2 | 23.9 |
| Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1987) | |||||||
| n (%) | 237 (0.8) | 2,461 (8.5) | 7,163 (24.6) | 9,124 (31.3) | 6,591 (22.6) | 2,893 (9.9) | 645 (2.2) |
| Age, years | 56.2 (8.7) | 56.7 (9.9) | 55.2 (9.8) | 54.7 (9.8) | 54.7 (9.7) | 55.1 (9.6) | 54.8 (9.1) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.7 (2.8) | 27.4 (3) | 26.5 (3.2) | 25.2 (2.9) | 24.2 (2.4) | 23.5 (1.8) | 23 (1.3) |
| AHEI | 38.5 (7.9) | 40.6 (7.6) | 42.8 (8.8) | 46.2 (10.4) | 50.6 (10.9) | 56 (10) | 61.1 (6.3) |
| Physical activity, hours/week | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.8 (1.2) | 1.3 (2.2) | 2.4 (3.7) | 4.1 (4.9) | 6 (5.3) | 8.1 (5.9) |
| Alcohol intake, g/day | 24.6 (26.9) | 14.8 (22.3) | 11.3 (18.5) | 10.9 (14.4) | 11.1 (11.9) | 11.5 (9.3) | 12.7 (5.7) |
| Sleep, hours/day | 8 (1) | 7.8 (1) | 7.3 (0.9) | 7.1 (0.8) | 6.9 (0.7) | 6.8 (0.6) | 6.7 (0.5) |
| Smoking, current% | 100.0 | 30.6 | 12.4 | 5.4 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 0.0 |
| White, % | 92.9 | 95.4 | 95.0 | 94.2 | 94.5 | 95.6 | 95.1 |
| Multivitamin use, % | 58.2 | 56.5 | 59.3 | 60.9 | 64.5 | 69.9 | 71.6 |
| Aspirin use, % | 34.7 | 32.8 | 30.0 | 29.9 | 30.5 | 29.1 | 31.3 |
| Baseline high blood pressure, % | 33.4 | 31.0 | 27.4 | 24.9 | 22.3 | 21.5 | 21.6 |
| Baseline high blood cholesterol, % | 10.1 | 12.6 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.7 | 15.3 | 14.5 |
| Baseline diabetes, % | 3.3 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.1 |
| Family history of myocardial infarction, % | 29.9 | 32.7 | 33.1 | 33.6 | 34.8 | 34.0 | 33.7 |
| Family history of cancer, % | 37.6 | 36.1 | 36.4 | 36.8 | 37.7 | 37.5 | 39.9 |
| Family history of diabetes, % | 28.1 | 27.1 | 26.3 | 23.9 | 22.9 | 22.8 | 23.5 |
Notes: Values are means (SD) or percentages for categorical variables, and are standardized to the age distribution of the study population except age. Low-risk factors in the score included cigarette smoking (not smoking), physically active (≥3.5 hours/week of moderate to vigorous intensity activity), high diet quality (top 40% of Alternate Healthy Eating Index), moderate alcohol intake of 5 to 14.9 g/day (women) or 5 to 30 g/day (men), normal weight (BMI, 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), and sleep duration (≥6 to <8 hours/day).
AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010.