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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Oncol. 2022 Apr 6;33(7):693–701. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.03.276

Figure 1. Age-specific association of pancreatic cancer risk with combinatory risk factors among participants from two prospective cohorts.

Figure 1.

Five established risk factors for pancreatic cancer were considered: ever-smoking, obesity, >2-year diabetes, tall height, and non-O blood group. Participants with missing information on more than one of the factors were excluded. (A) Age-stratified hazard ratios by number of risk factors from Cox proportional hazards regression conditioned on age (in months) and calendar year of the survey cycle and sex/cohort and adjusted for race/ethnicity (white, black, other, or unknown). Only lower limits of 95% CIs are shown. Heterogeneity between the age groups of ≤60 years and >70 years was tested by using the random-effects meta-regression method, comparing participants with 3–5 risk factors to those with no risk factors. (B) Age-varying hazard ratios per additional risk factor from Cox B-spline piecewise regression with age as the time scale and conditioned on sex/cohort and calendar year of the survey cycle and adjusted for race/ethnicity (white, black, other, or unknown). Solid curve represents point estimates and dashed curves represent 95% CIs.

CI, confidence interval.