Table 2.
The Relationship Between Hourly Wages and Turnover—Pooled OLS and Facility Fixed Effects Regressions
| Variables | Pooled OLS | Facility fixed effects | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RN turnover | LPN turnover | CNA turnover | RN turnover | LPN turnover | CNA turnover | |
| RN hourly wage $ | −0.55 (0.30) | −0.48 (0.47) | ||||
| LPN hourly wage $ | −0.95 (0.49) | −1.10 (0.69) | ||||
| CNA hourly wage $ | −3.51*** (0.82) | −1.80* (0.81) | ||||
| ADL index | 0.36 (0.59) | 1.12 (0.60) | 1.99*** (0.52) | 0.47 (0.77) | −0.24 (0.86) | 1.34* (0.57) |
| Number of beds | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.00 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.38 (0.40) | −0.06 (0.44) | −0.20 (0.22) |
| Occupancy % | −0.37*** (0.10) | −0.31*** (0.09) | −0.18* (0.09) | −0.21 (0.19) | −0.38 (0.20) | 0.03 (0.13) |
| Resident payer mix % | ||||||
| Medicare pay | 0.31 (0.17) | 0.01 (0.17) | −0.00 (0.15) | 0.11 (0.19) | −0.08 (0.21) | −0.21 (0.12) |
| Medicaid pay | 0.12 (0.09) | 0.13 (0.08) | 0.11 (0.08) | −0.06 (0.10) | 0.03 (0.10) | −0.14 (0.08) |
| Age | −0.33 (0.41) | −0.62 (0.32) | −0.45 (0.33) | −0.73 (0.75) | 0.23 (0.85) | −0.05 (0.57) |
| Female % | 0.21 (0.14) | 0.31* (0.13) | 0.17 (0.12) | −0.05 (0.18) | −0.09 (0.20) | −0.10 (0.14) |
| White % | −0.26 (0.18) | −0.39* (0.19) | −0.32 (0.19) | −0.21 (0.32) | 0.11 (0.37) | −0.30 (0.19) |
| Staffing hours per resident day | ||||||
| RN | −10.45* (4.32) | 5.51 (4.04) | 4.35 (4.26) | −14.02 (7.88) | 2.37 (7.10) | 1.72 (5.99) |
| LPN | 9.76 (4.99) | −14.89** (5.59) | 10.46* (4.80) | 0.31 (8.03) | −43.05*** (9.89) | 15.00* (7.33) |
| CNA | −4.95** (1.75) | −4.65** (1.66) | −12.86*** (1.91) | 0.99 (3.28) | −2.77 (3.71) | −14.67*** (2.96) |
| For-profit | 2.16 (2.44) | 4.70* (2.20) | 3.02 (2.29) | 1.58 (5.64) | −9.18 (7.44) | −6.46 (4.68) |
| Multifacility organization | 2.01 (2.44) | 0.17 (2.27) | −2.78 (2.33) | 1.32 (5.57) | 5.52 (5.96) | 1.91 (5.39) |
| Urban | 9.56* (4.31) | 10.36* (4.14) | 9.44* (3.79) | |||
| Unconcentrated market | −2.47 (4.78) | −1.09 (4.62) | −1.46 (4.15) | |||
| County-level characteristics | ||||||
| Number of nursing home beds per 1,000 individuals aged 65 and older | −0.15** (0.06) | −0.08 (0.06) | −0.17** (0.05) | −0.07 (0.23) | 0.28 (0.24) | −0.10 (0.16) |
| Per capita income (in $1,000) | 0.23 (0.23) | 0.17 (0.20) | −0.17 (0.21) | −0.55 (0.54) | 0.62 (0.57) | 0.45 (0.38) |
| Unemployment rate % | 0.45 (1.76) | −1.14 (1.64) | 0.83 (1.78) | 3.39 (3.13) | −3.44 (3.72) | 4.38 (2.49) |
Notes: N = 1,716. OLS = ordinary least square; RN = registered nurse; LPN = licensed practical nurse; CNA = certified nurse aide; ADL = activities of daily living. In both pooled OLS and facility fixed effects models, we control for year dummies. Robust standard errors clustered at the facility level are reported in parentheses.
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.