Table 2. Summary of Studies Using Each PROMa.
| PROM | Specific obstetric or postpartum population | Validation studies | Postpartum patients studied, range, No.b | Language(s) used (No.) | Study years | Birth delivery mode | Postpartum time assessed, range | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Reference No. | |||||||
| Beck Depression Inventory I | No | 3c | 26, 53, 54 | 960-1024 | English (2), Chinese (1) | 1989-2011 | All or not stated | 3 d to 26 wk |
| Beck Depression Inventory II | No | 5c | 24, 45, 46, 48, 55 | 720-1166 | English (2), Malay (1), Spanish (1), Taiwanese, (1) | 2001-2013 | All or not stated | 2 wk to 14 mo |
| Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale | No | 2c | 56, 57 | 186-257 | English (1), Japanese (1) | 2002-2019 | All or not stated | 1 to 12 mo |
| Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale | Yes | 36c | 24-27, 31-35, 37-45, 47, 50-55, 57-67 | 13 196-14 044 | Arabic (1), Bangladeshi (1), Chinese (2), Danish (1), English (15), Italian (1), Japanese (1), Lithuanian (1), Malay (1), Maltese (1), Norwegian (2), Persian (2), Shona (1), Sinhalese (1), Spanish (3), Taiwanese (1), Thai (1) | 1987-2019 | All or not stated | 3 d to 8 mo |
| General Health Questionnaire–12 | No | 5 | 28, 42, 61, 63, 65 | 2503d | Chinese (1), English (1), Persian (1), Spanish (2) | 1998-2019 | All or not stated | 6 to 28 wk |
| Hopkins Symptom Checklist–10 | No | 1 | 41 | 223d | Arabic (1) | 2018 | SVD and CD | 3 to 8 mo |
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale | No | 2 | 51, 52 | 444-454 | English (2) | 1997-1998 | Not stated | 4 to 28 wk |
| Patient Health Questionnaire–9 | No | 1 | 60 | 87-93 | English (1) | 2008 | Not stated | 6 to 8 wk |
| Postpartum Depression Screening Scale | Yes | 6 | 29, 30, 46-49 | 1838-2119 | English (4), Portuguese (1), Spanish (2) | 2000-2014 | All or not stated | 2 wk to 6 mo |
| Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale | No | 1 | 52 | 202-212 | English (1) | 1997 | Not stated | 4 wk to 8 mo |
Abbreviations: CD, cesarean delivery; PROM, patient-reported outcome measure; SVD, spontaneous vaginal delivery.
a
All of the studies were prospective.
b
Ranges are provided because different numbers of patients were assessed at different time points in the studies.
c
Number includes studies that validated more than 1 PROM.
d
Total number of patients.