. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 25.

Published in final edited form as: Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018 Apr 10;142(1):9–14. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.12489

TABLE 1.

Studies included in the meta-analysis and systematic review.

Study	Country	Duration	Design	Total no. of participants	No. of cases of VCI	Outcome measures	Diagnosis of VCI
Ebbing et al.¹⁰	Norway	1999–2009	Population-based registry	623 478	9500	Placental abruption; placenta previa; pre-eclampsia; preterm delivery; operative delivery; low Apgar score; transfer to NICU; malformations; delivery weight; perinatal death; placental weight; and the ratio of delivery weight to placental weight	Postnatal examination
Ebbing et al.⁸	Norway	1999–2013	Population-based registry	860 465	13 011	PROM; preterm PROM; spontaneous preterm delivery; and spontaneous preterm delivery without preterm PROM	Postnatal examination
Esakoff et al.⁷	USA	2006	Retrospective cohort study	482 812	2327	FDIU; SGA; preterm delivery; manual removal of the placenta; cesarean delivery; pre-eclampsia; neonatal seizures; postpartum hemorrhage; and endometritis	Prepartum and postpartum examination, with VCI coded in the medical records
Heinonen et al.¹¹	Finland	1989–1993	Retrospective cohort study	12 750	216	Admission to NICU; FDIU; preterm delivery; low delivery weight; SGA; low Apgar score; fetal pH; and abnormal intrapartum fetal heart rate	Postnatal examination
Räisänen et al.⁶	Finland	2000–2011	Retrospective hospital-based registry	26 849	633	Gestational age at delivery; cesarean delivery; vacuum delivery; ratio of placenta to fetal mass; umbilical cord length; fetal sex; delivery weight; and malformation	Postnatal examination
Yerlikaya et al.⁹	Austria	2003–2013	Retrospective case–control study	216	108	Umbilical artery Doppler imaging, pre-eclampsia; pregnancy induced hypertension; growth retardation; FDIU; malformations; gestational age at delivery; cesarean delivery; delivery weight; fetal pH; and low Apgar score	Postnatal examination and prenatal diagnosis

Abbreviations: FDIU, fetal demise in utero; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; PROM, premature rupture of membranes; SGA, small for gestational age; VCI, velamentous cord insertion.