Table 3.
Risk factors of physical functioning trajectories for individuals with dementia (relative risk ratios and 95% confidence interval)
| Group 2 High–medium start, moderate decrease |
Group 3 Medium start, moderate decrease |
Group 4 Medium start, early fast decrease |
Group 5 Low start, stable |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 1.95* | 2.47** | 2.10* | 4.20*** |
| (1.10, 3.46) | (1.34, 4.54) | (1.10, 4.01) | (2.17, 8.13) | |
| Age | 0.53 | 0.57 | 0.38* | 0.35* |
| (0.22, 1.25) | (0.23, 1.39) | (0.15, 0.93) | (0.14, 0.85) | |
| Age squared | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01* | 1.01** |
| (1.00, 1.01) | (1.00, 1.01) | (1.00, 1.01) | (1.00, 1.01) | |
| Race/ethnicity (Ref. White) | ||||
| Black | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.59 | 2.36* |
| (0.54, 2.09) | (0.53, 2.21) | (0.76, 3.32) | (1.14, 4.92) | |
| Other | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.80 | 0.62 |
| (0.14, 1.98) | (0.14, 2.18) | (0.19, 3.39) | (0.14, 2.67) | |
| Hispanic | 0.70 | 0.92 | 1.18 | 0.91 |
| (0.27, 1.86) | (0.34, 2.51) | (0.41, 3.36) | (0.30, 2.71) | |
| Educational attainment (Ref. < High school) | ||||
| High school | 0.48 | 0.40* | 0.51 | 0.61 |
| (0.23, 1.03) | (0.18, 0.89) | (0.23, 1.17) | (0.26, 1.41) | |
| >High school | 0.23*** | 0.26*** | 0.26** | 0.39* |
| (0.12, 0.47) | (0.13, 0.55) | (0.12, 0.57) | (0.18, 0.83) | |
| # Siblings (Ref. 0) | ||||
| 1–3 | 0.43* | 0.40* | 0.44* | 0.40* |
| (0.21, 0.86) | (0.19, 0.83) | (0.21, 0.94) | (0.19, 0.86) | |
| 4+ | 0.36* (0.15, 0.84) | 0.33* (0.14, 0.81) | 0.39* (0.16, 0.98) | 0.34* (0.14, 0.87) |
| # Children (Ref. 0) | ||||
| 1–3 | 1.08 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.63 |
| (0.36, 3.24) | (0.27, 2.62) | (0.27, 2.77) | (0.20, 2.03) | |
| 4+ | 1.03 | 0.71 | 0.56 | 0.70 |
| (0.33, 3.17) | (0.22, 2.26) | (0.17, 1.86) | (0.21, 2.33) | |
| Medicare drug coverage | 0.62 | 0.47* | 0.63 | 0.44* |
| (0.34, 1.13) | (0.25, 0.88) | (0.33, 1.22) | (0.23, 0.85) | |
| Medicaid | 1.52 | 1.68 | 1.58 | 2.85** |
| (0.72, 3.20) | (0.78, 3.63) | (0.70, 3.57) | (1.30, 6.28) | |
| Tricare | 2.51 | 0.71 | 2.12 | 2.54 |
| (0.64, 9.80) | (0.13, 3.92) | (0.45, 9.87) | (0.52, 12.42) | |
| Comorbidity (Ref. 0) | ||||
| 1–3 | 1.44 | 2.38 | 1.34 | 5.15** |
| (0.66, 3.14) | (0.97, 5.84) | (0.56, 3.22) | (1.67, 15.88) | |
| 4+ | 2.62* | 7.64*** | 4.36** | 15.72*** |
| (1.02, 6.71) | (2.70, 21.65) | (1.56, 12.22) | (4.50, 54.89) | |
| Marital status (Ref. Never married) | ||||
| Married/live with a partner | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.43 |
| (0.14, 3.48) | (0.08, 2.05) | (0.07, 1.91) | (0.08, 2.19) | |
| Separated, divorced, widowed | 1.09 | 0.68 | 0.46 | 0.48 |
| (0.22, 5.41) | (0.13, 3.39) | (0.09, 2.33) | (0.09, 2.42) | |
| Smoking regularly | 1.82* | 1.50 | 1.32 | 1.14 |
| (1.01, 3.29) | (0.80, 2.84) | (0.66, 2.62) | (0.57, 2.27) | |
Note: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. N = 980. Reference group is Group 1 (High start, moderate decrease).