Table 1.
Basic characteristics of included literature.
| ID | Research type | Country | Blood glucose monitoring mode | Sample size | Insulin regimen | Age | Baseline HbA1c (mmol/mol) | Baseline HbA1c (%) | Diabetes mellitus time | Study time | Outcome indicators |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ajjan et al. 2016[10] | RCT | Britain | RT-CGM | 28 | MDI | 39 ± 11.5 | 77.06 ± 14.21 | 9.2 ± 1.3 | 15.8 ± 11.9 | 100 days | HbA1c |
| SMBG | 13 | MDI | 43.7 ± 9.9 | 74.87 ± 14.21 | 9.0 ± 1.3 | 19.6 ± 12.4 | |||||
| Beck et al. 2017[11] | RCT | U.S. | RT-CGM | 105 | MDI | 46 ± 14 | 70.5 ± 7.65 | 8.6 ± 0.7 | 19.0 ± 14.8 | 24 weeks | HbA1c, SH, DKA |
| SMBG | 53 | MDI | 51 ± 11 | 70.5 ± 6.56 | 8.6 ± 0.6 | 21.7 ± 17.8 | |||||
| Bolinder et al. 2016[12] | RCT | Europe | isCGM | 120 | MDI/CSII | 42 ± 13.3 | 50.7 ± 5.7 | 6.79 ± 0.52 | 20.0 ± 10.4 | 24 weeks | HbA1c, SH, DKA |
| SMBG | 121 | MDI/CSII | 45 ± 17.8 | 50.6 ± 6.7 | 6.78 ± 0.64 | 21.3 ± 14.8 | |||||
| Bosi et al. 2019[13] | RCT | Britain | RT-CGM | 76 | CSII | 49.0 ± 12.2 | 60.7 ± 9.9 | 7.7 ± 0.9 | 28.5 ± 11.1 | 24 weeks | HbA1c, SH, DKA |
| SMBG | 77 | CSII | 47.4 ± 12.5 | 59.7 ± 9.9 | 7.6 ± 0.9 | 29.7 ± 13.3 | |||||
| Boucher et al. 2020[14] | RCT | New Zealand | isCGM | 33 | MDI/CSII | 16.5 ± 1.9 | 94.55 ± 18.58 | 10.8 ± 1.7 | 7.0 ± 3.5 | 24 weeks | HbA1c, SH, DKA |
| SMBG | 31 | MDI/CSII | 16.7 ± 2.2 | 98.92 ± 17.49 | 11.2 ± 1.6 | 8.0 ± 4.0 | |||||
| Dicembrini et al. 2020[15] | Cross design test | Europe | RT-CGM | 14 | CSII | 45.7 ± 8.2 | 60.66 ± 4.37 | 7.7 ± 0.4 | 17.3 ± 18.5 | 16 weeks | HbA1c, SH, DKA |
| SMBG | 14 | MDI | 44.7 ± 8.7 | 61.75 ± 5.47 | 7.8 ± 0.5 | 19.0 ± 19.3 | |||||
| Heinemann et al. 2018[16] | RCT | Europe | RT-CGM | 74 | MDI | 45.8 ± 12.0 | 59.57 ± 10.93 | 7.6 ± 1.0 | 20.9 ± 14.0 | 26 weeks | HbA1c |
| SMBG | 74 | MDI | 47.3 ± 11.7 | 57.38 ± 10.93 | 7.4 ± 1.0 | 21.6 ± 13.9 | |||||
| Jensen et al. 2022[17] | RCT | Europe/North America | P-CGM | 117 | MDI/CSII | 49 ± 12 | 58.2 ± 5.7 | NR | 28 ± 12 | 16 weeks | HbA1c, SH |
| SMBG | 355 | MDI/CSII | 42 ± 15 | 58.4 ± 5.9 | NR | 23 ± 12 | |||||
| Laffel et al. 2020[18] | RCT | U.S | RT-CGM | 74 | MDI/CSII | 17 ± 3 | 73.78 ± 10.93 | 8.9 ± 1.0 | 9.0 ± 5.0 | 26 weeks | HbA1c, SH, DKA |
| SMBG | 79 | MDI/CSII | 18 ± 3 | 73.78 ± 10.93 | 8.9 ± 1.0 | 10.0 ± 5.0 | |||||
| Lind et al. 2017[19] | Cross design test | Europe | RT-CGM | 82 | MDI | 46.7 ± 13 | 69.3 ± 9.84 | 8.49 ± 0.9 | 23.4 ± 11.9 | 26 weeks | HbA1c, SH, DKA |
| SMBG | 79 | MDI | 42.6 ± 12.2 | 68.86 ± 9.84 | 8.45 ± 0.9 | 21.0 ± 11.7 | |||||
| Pratley et al. 2020[20] | RCT | U.S | RT-CGM | 103 | MDI/CSII | 68.3 ± 5.2 | 59.57 ± 9.84 | 7.6 ± 0.9 | 37.3 ± 18.5 | 24 weeks | HbA1c, SH, DKA |
| SMBG | 100 | MDI/CSII | 67.3 ± 5.2 | 58.48 ± 8.74 | 7.5 ± 0.8 | 36.0 ± 16.3 | |||||
| Thabit et al. 2020[21] | Cross design test | Britain | RT-CGM | 16 | MDI/CSII | 21 ± 2.28 | NR | NR | NR | 8 weeks | HbA1c, SH, DKA |
| SMBG | 15 | MDI/CSII | 21.4 ± 2.57 | NR | NR | NR | |||||
| Tumminia et al. 2015[22] | Cross design test | Europe | RT-CGM | 10 | MDI/CSII | NR | 69.84 ± 4.37 | 8.54 ± 0.4 | NR | 24 weeks | HbA1c, SH, DKA |
| SMBG | 10 | MDI/CSII | NR | NR | 8.56 ± 0.5 | NR | |||||
| van Beers et al. 2016[23] | Cross design test | Netherlands | RT-CGM | 26 | MDI/CSII | NR | NR | NR | NR | 16 weeks | HbA1c, SH, DKA |
| SMBG | 26 | MDI/CSII | NR | 70.06 ± 5.47 | NR | NR | |||||
| Zhang et al. 2021[24] | RCT | China | FGM | 71 | MDI/CSII | 36.68 ± 19.71 | NR | 9.05 ± 1.43 | 4 ± 2.3 | 48 weeks | HbA1c |
| SMBG | 75 | MDI/CSII | 35.19 ± 18.91 | NR | 9.07 ± 1.18 | 5 ± 2.3 |
Note: RT-CGM: real-time blood glucose monitoring; SMBG: self-blood glucose monitoring; isCGM: intermittent scanning CGM; P-CGM: individual continuous blood glucose monitoring; FGM: rapid blood glucose monitoring; SH: severe hypoglycemia; DKA: diabetes ketoacidosis; CSII: insulin pump; MDI: multiple subcutaneous injections per day; RCT: randomized control trials.