Table 1.
The antiviral activity of fucoidan and carrageenan in virus infections
| Sulfated polysaccharide | Source | Dose/IC50 (µg mL−1) | Disease and Effect of treatment | Selected References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fucoidan | Undaria pinnatifida | In vivo study with 5 mg day−1 twice a day for 14 days |
Anti-IAV activity Positive effect on production of antigen-specific antibody Inhibition of virus attachment and blocking virus penetration |
Hayashi et al. (2013), Richards et al. (2020), Synytsya et al. (2014) |
| Kjellmaniella crassifolia | 250 µg mL−1 | Wang et al. (2017) | ||
| Laminaria japonica | 50–500 µg mL−1 | Makarenkova et al. (2010) | ||
| Saccharina cichorioides, S. japonica | 0.001–100 µg mL−1 |
Anti-HIV activity Prevention of attachment and cell-to-cell virus spread |
Prokofjeva et al. (2013) | |
| Sargassum mcclurei, Sargassum polycystum and Turbinara ornate | IC50 value 0.33–0.7 µg mL−1 | Thuy et al. (2015) | ||
| Sargassum swartzii | 1.56 and 6.25 μg mL−1 | Dinesh et al. (2016) | ||
| Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida | 0.83 g day−1 |
Anti-HCV activity Inhibits virus replication |
Mori et al. (2012) | |
| Scytosiphon lomentaria | IC50 value 0.76- 1.34 µg mL−1 |
Anti-HSV activity The galactofucan fractions of fucoidan showed the antiviral activity because of the low uronic acid and high sulfate esters content Inhibition of virus attachment |
Ponce et al. (2019) | |
| Sargassum henslowianum | IC50 value 0.89 and 0.82 µg mL−1 | Sun et al. (2020) | ||
| Fucus evanescens |
In vitro study with 0.25–250 µg mL−1 In vivo study with 10 mg kg−1 day−1 |
Antivirus activity against HSV, ECHO-1, and HIV-1 Inhibiting virus replication |
Krylova et al. (2020) | |
| Carrageenan | Commercial carrageenan | Iota carrageenan |
Anti- IAV Inhibition virus replication |
Leibbrandt et al. (2010) |
| Commercial carrageenan |
kappa carrageenan and sulfated derivatives In vivo study with 40 mg kg−1 d−1 |
Wang et al. (2012) | ||
| Commercial carrageenan |
Kappa, acetylated and sulfated derivatives In vivo study with 30 mg kg−1 day−1 |
Tang et al. (2013) | ||
| Commercial carrageenan |
Lambda carrageenan IC50 1–20 ng mL−1 |
Anti- HPV potential Inhibition of virus attachment and blocking virus penetration |
Rodríguez et al. (2014) | |
| Gigartina skottsbergii |
Lambda carrageenan IC50 0.52 and 10.42 for BoHv-1 and SuHV-1, respectively |
BoHV-1 and SuHV-1 Inhibition of virus attachment and blocking virus penetration |
Diogo et al. (2015) | |
| Stenogramme interrupta |
Kappa/itoa and lambda carrageenan 0.65–2.88 µg mL−1 |
Anti-HSV activity Inhibition of virus attachment and blocking virus penetration Interfere with protein binding to the heparan sulfate co-receptor in host tissues |
Cáceres et al. (2000) | |
| Gigartina skottsbergii | Lambda carrageenan 10 mg mL−1 | Carlucci et al. (2004) | ||
| Gigartina attpurpurea |
Kappa and lambda carrageenan 0.2–0.8 µg mL−1 |
Harden et al. (2009) | ||
| Solieria chordalis | Iota carrageenan 3.2–54.4 µg mL−1 | Boulho et al. (2017) | ||
| Solieria filiformis | Iota carrageenan 4.5–11.7 µg mL−1 | Ana et al. (2021) |
The scientific names of species for algae should be italic