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. 2021 Aug 10;13(9):631–654. doi: 10.1007/s13238-021-00863-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Components of stem cell-niche and the crosstalk between stem cells and stem cell-niche via EVs. (A) A representative diagram showing proposed stem cell-niche forming a dynamic microenvironment based on constituents reported previously. A typical stem cell-niche consists of stem cells, stromal cells, extracellular matrix, soluble factors, neural inputs, a network of blood vessels, and other components including cell adhesion molecules. Different stem cell-niches consist of several other additional components. Nonetheless the components mentioned above are necessarily present in the stem cell-niche for various functions including support and structural information. Adapted from (Jones and Wagers, 2008). (B) A representative diagram depicting various roles of EVs produced from stem cells