Table 3.
Risk of bias summary: judgment of each domain for all included studies using the Quality of Prognostic Studies (QUIPS) tool
| Study | Study participation | Study attrition | Prognostic factor measurement | Outcome measurement | Study confounding | Statistical analysis and reporting |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mohammad 2018 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
| Colin 2021 | Low | High | Moderate | Low | High | Low |
| Trotter 2018 | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | High | Low |
| Matsushima 2017 | Low | High | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Samer 2019 | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | High | Moderate |
| Rebecca 2016 | Low | High | Low | Low | High | Low |
| Du 2014 | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | High | Moderate |
| Brandt 2019 | Low | High | Low | Low | High | Low |
| Lisa 2018 | Low | High | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Samantha 2021 | Low | High | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Rangel 2016 | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | High |