Table 1.
Sample Description and Univariate and Multivariate Model Results
| Characteristics | Sample Description |
Univariate and Multivariate Models |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comparison Sample, n (%) (n = 6786) |
Pandemic Sample, n (%) (n = 5019) |
Shopping Decline |
Transportation Decline |
|||
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | Univariate OR (95% CI) | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | |||
| Pandemic (Ref.: no pandemic) | — | — | 1.44 (1.32-1.54) | 1.43 (1.33-1.55) | 1.31 (1.23-1.39) | 1.31 (1.21-1.42) |
| Age | ||||||
| 18-64 y | 1078 (15.9) | 829 (16.5) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 65-74 y | 1343 (19.8) | 956 (19.1) | 1.31 (1.15-1.49) | 1.30 (1.14-1.48) | 1.32 (1.18-1.48) | 1.34 (1.15-1.55) |
| 75-84 y | 2221 (32.7) | 1643 (32.7) | 1.54 (1.36-1.73) | 1.52 (1.34-1.72) | 1.57 (1.41-1.73) | 1.50 (1.31-1.72) |
| ≥85 y | 2144 (31.6) | 1590 (31.7) | 1.91 (1.70-2.15) | 1.91 (1.69-2.16) | 1.90 (1.71-2.10) | 1.81 (1.58-2.07) |
| Sex (Ref.: female) | 4239 (62.5) | 3170 (63.2) | 0.92 (0.85-1.00) | — | 0.97 (0.91-1.03) | — |
| InterRAI Home Care Frailty Scale | ||||||
| 0-6 (no to mild frailty) | 1741 (25.7) | 1228 (24.5) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| 7-9 | 2119 (31.2) | 1604 (32.0) | 1.00 (0.91-1.11) | — | 1.05 (0.96-1.16) | — |
| 10-12 | 1732 (25.5) | 1323 (26.4) | 1.00 (0.90-1.11) | — | 0.99 (0.90-1.08) | — |
| 13-14 | 667 (9.8) | 518 (10.3) | 0.96 (0.83-1.10) | — | 0.91 (0.81-1.01) | — |
| 15-16 | 351 (5.2) | 239 (4.8) | 0.96 (0.80-1.15) | — | 0.95 (0.83-1.08) | — |
| 17-27 (severe frailty) | 176 (2.6) | 107 (2.1) | 0.80 (0.62-1.04) | — | 0.84 (0.72-0.99) | — |
| CHESS Scale | ||||||
| 0 (no instability) | 1375 (20.3)∗ | 909 (18.1)∗ | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1-2 (mild instability) | 3962 (58.4)∗ | 2963 (59.0)∗ | 1.03 (0.93-1.13) | 1.01 (0.92-1.12) | 1.11 (1.02-1.21) | 1.09 (0.97-1.20) |
| 3+ (moderate to severe instability) | 1449 (21.4)∗ | 1147 (22.9)∗ | 1.34 (1.19-1.51) | 1.31 (1.16-1.48) | 1.33 (1.21-1.46) | 1.40 (1.24-1.60) |
| Deaf Blind Severity Index | ||||||
| 0 (none) | 2563 (37.8) | 1836 (36.6) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| 1-2 (mild) | 2723 (40.1) | 2057 (41.0) | 1.11 (1.01-1.20) | — | 1.13 (1.05-1.21) | — |
| 3+ (moderate to severe) | 1499 (22.1) | 1126 (22.4) | 1.19 (1.08-1.32) | — | 1.16 (1.07-1.25) | — |
| Activity of Daily Living Hierarchy Scale | ||||||
| 0 (no impairment) | 1896 (27.9) | 1317 (26.2) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| 1-2 (mild impairment) | 1563 (23.0) | 1216 (24.2) | 0.88 (0.81-0.86) | — | 1.02 (0.93-1.12) | — |
| 3-4 (moderate impairment) | 2778 (40.9) | 2059 (41.0) | 0.96 (0.86-1.07) | — | 1.28 (1.14-1.43) | — |
| 5-6 (severe impairment) | 549 (8.1) | 427 (8.5) | 0.85 (0.69-1.03) | — | 1.29 (1.05-1.59) | — |
| Cognitive Performance Scale | ||||||
| 0-1 (no to mild impairment) | 2633 (38.8)∗ | 1823 (36.3)∗ | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | — |
| 2-3 (mild to moderate impairment) | 4153 (61.2)∗ | 3196 (63.7)∗ | 0.92 (0.85-1.00) | 0.83 (0.76-0.89) | 0.93 (0.87-0.99) | — |
| Depression Rating Scale | ||||||
| 0 (none) | 3525 (52.0)∗ | 2683 (53.5)∗ | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| 1-2 (mild) | 1878 (27.7)∗ | 1439 (28.7)∗ | 0.98 (0.90-1.08) | — | 0.97 (0.91-1.05) | — |
| ≥3 (moderate) | 1383 (20.4)∗ | 897 (17.9)∗ | 0.95 (0.86-1.05) | — | 0.97 (0.90-1.06) | — |
| Dementia | 1423 (21.0) | 1034 (20.6) | 1.19 (1.09-1.31) | — | 1.23 (1.15-1.32) | — |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 868 (12.8) | 623 (12.4) | 0.98 (0.88-1.10) | — | 0.96 (0.87-1.05) | — |
| Parkinson's disease | 306 (4.5) | 204 (4.1) | 1.22 (1.02-1.47) | — | 1.23 (1.07-1.40) | — |
| Bipolar disorder | 153 (2.3) | 128 (2.6) | 0.72 (0.56-0.94) | — | 0.73 (0.59-0.92) | — |
| Lives alone | 3609 (53.2) | 2677 (53.3) | 0.90 (0.83-0.97) | — | 1.00 (0.94-1.06) | — |
| Informal care | ||||||
| 0-10 h | 5743 (84.6) | 4304 (85.8) | Ref. | — | Ref. | Ref. |
| 10-20 h | 781 (11.5) | 569 (11.3) | 0.98 (0.87-1.11) | — | 0.88 (0.81-0.95) | 0.71 (0.61-0.81) |
| ≥20 h | 262 (3.9) | 146 (2.9) | 1.16 (0.95-1.43) | — | 0.98 (0.87-1.10) | 0.93 (0.73-1.18) |
| Formal hours | ||||||
| 0-100 min | 3404 (50.2) | 2543 (50.7) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 100-500 min | 2850 (42.0) | 2131 (42.5) | 0.74 (0.68-0.80) | 0.77 (0.71-0.83) | 0.73 (0.68-0.77) | 0.63 (0.57-0.68) |
| ≥500 min | 532 (7.8) | 345 (6.9) | 0.63 (0.54-0.74) | 0.72 (0.62-0.85) | 0.69 (0.62-0.77) | 0.57 (0.47-0.68) |
OR, odds ratio.
Variables not retained in the model are indicated by dashes.
∗
χ2P < .01.