Fig. 4.

Urban–rural differences in changes in food insecurity. Note: This figure reports coefficients and 95% confidence intervals when estimating differences between urban and rural households before and during the pandemic. When the coefficient is positive, this implies that households in urban areas experienced a larger increase in the given measure of food insecurity, since before the pandemic, relative to rural households. When the coefficient estimate is negative, this implies that households in rural areas experienced a larger increase in food insecurity. This analysis uses FIES data from before and after the COVID-19 outbreak.