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. 2022 Jun 16;24:100488. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100488

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Population dynamics of typhoid fever in Fiji. A) Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of 2,643 global Salmonella Typhi mapped to Salmonella Typhi CT18 and rooted to Salmonella Paratyphi A. Isolates belonging to Salmonella Typhi genotype 4.2.1, 4.2.2 and 4.3.1 (H58) are shaded. Rings (from inner to outer) refer to; geographical region of global Salmonella Typhi; all published Fijian genotypes (1981-2016, aqua); and Central Division Fiji isolates characterised in this study (2012-2016, purple). B) Bayesian temporal population structure of 366 Fijian endemic genotype 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 obtained between 1981 to 2016. Purple tips reflect location of the 2012-2016 isolates. C) Geographical distribution of the 2 major Fijian genotypes in the Central Division based on GPS coordinates associated with 128 isolates. D) Bayesian population dynamics of Fiji genotype 4.2.2 inferred using a Skygrid model, such that the y-axis represents genetic diversity and is proportional to infected population size. The arrows indicate ‘waves’ of sub-clonal expansion and contraction (arrows) in the context of time. Occurence of major cyclones (Daman, December 2007; Tomas, March 2010; Evan, December 2012; Winston; February 2016) in Fiji are indicated by the cyclone symbol.