Table 4.
Outcomes of patients with metabolic syndrome during 1.5 years of follow-up.
| Male (n=94) | Female (n=40) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Free MetS | MetS | p | Free MetS | MetS | p | |
| Participants | 20 | 74 | – | 14 | 26 | – |
| Age | 51.9 ± 5.1 | 53.2 ± 7.1 | 0.430 | 59.1 ± 5.0 | 57.9 ± 6.1 | 0.911 |
| Menopause, N (%) | 1.000 | |||||
| Yes | – | – | 8 (57.1%) | 14 (53.8%) | ||
| No | – | – | 6 (42.9%) | 12 (46.2%) | ||
| Alcohol consumption, N (%) | 0.865 | 0.404 | ||||
| Never | 2 (10.0%) | 5 (6.8%) | 10 (71.4%) | 23 (88.5%) | ||
| Occasional | 8 (40.0%) | 34 (45.9%) | 3 (21.4%) | 2 (7.7%) | ||
| Frequent | 10 (50.0%) | 35 (47.3%) | 1 (3.8%) | 1 (7.1%) | ||
| Diet, N (%) | 0.241 | 0.550 | ||||
| Meat | 5 (25.0%) | 9 (12.2%) | 2 (14.3%) | 1 (3.8%) | ||
| Meat/Vegetables | 9 (45.0%) | 47 (63.5%) | 6 (42.9%) | 10 (38.5%) | ||
| Vegetables | 6 (30.0%) | 18 (24.3%) | 6 (42.9%) | 15 (57.7%) | ||
| Physical activity, N (%) | 0.519 | |||||
| Low | 8 (40.0%) | 12 (16.2%) | 0.053 | 5 (35.7%) | 12 (46.2%) | |
| Moderate | 5 (25.0%) | 34 (45.9%) | 7 (50.0%) | 8 (30.8%) | ||
| High | 7 (35.0%) | 28 (37.8%) | 2 (14.3%) | 6 (23.1%) | ||
| Waist (cm) | 96.0 ± 7.8 | 97.8 ± 5.4 | 0.220 | 91.6 ± 9.4 | 90.9 ± 6.4 | 0.780 |
| HC (cm) | 102 (92~127) | 102 (77~112) | 0.418 | 99.2 ± 6.8 | 97.8 ± 5.7 | 0.477 |
| Weight (kg) | 80.4 ± 10.6 | 81.8 ± 8.0 | 0.520 | 68.3 ± 10.6 | 67.4 ± 9.1 | 0.775 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 (22.7~38.0) | 27.6 (23.7~33.3) | 0.051 | 26.6 ± 3.6 | 26.7 ± 3.2 | 0.926 |
| SFA (cm2) | 161.3 ± 65.5 | 167.4 ± 53.7 | 0.677 | 220.2 ± 47.3 | 209.8 ± 68.3 | 0.619 |
| VFA (cm2) | 107.1 ± 39.2 | 131.6 ± 43.5 | 0.031 | 91.2 ± 42.7 | 88.1 ± 34.0 | 0.806 |
| Fat Mass (kg) | 122.8 ± 6.7 | 122.9 ± 5.0 | 0.950 | 23.6 ± 8.5 | 23.9 ± 7.7 | 0.500 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 133.8 ± 15.1 | 135.4 ± 14.5 | 0.662 | 127.6 ± 18.3 | 139.5 ± 16.1 | 0.400 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80 (70~100) | 88 (67~110) | 0.040 | 79.0 ± 10.1 | 86.0 ± 8.3 | 0.230 |
| HR (/min) | 73.8 ± 8.6 | 76.9 ± 8.3 | 0.149 | 74.9 ± 7.3 | 79.7 ± 12.6 | 0.198 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.7 (4.8~13.6) | 6.0 (4.9~12.1) | 0.294 | 5.9 ± 0.9 | 6.9 ± 2.1 | 0.089 |
| 0.5-h PG (mmol/L) | 12.2 ± 3.0 | 11.5 ± 2.8 | 0.357 | 10.0 ± 2.4 | 12.0 ± 3.1 | 0.045 |
| 2-h PG (mmol/L) | 9.1 ± 4.8 | 9.3 ± 4.2 | 0.836 | 9.0 ± 3.1 | 11.5 ± 5.6 | 0.133 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.3 ± 1.2 | 6.2 ± 1.0 | 0.778 | 6.1 ± 0.6 | 6.8 ± 1.0 | 0.340 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 1.2 | 0.610 | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 1.6 | 0.789 |
| TGs (mmol/L) | 2.0 (0.8~14.2) | 2.3 (0.85~14.25) | 0.307 | 1.8 (1.0~4.0) | 2.1 (0.6~13.0) | 0.244 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.8~1.6) | 1.1 (0.8~1.8) | 0.754 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.030 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 0.444 | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 1.3 | 0.251 |
| BUA (μmol/L) | 380.2 ± 65.9 | 400.3 ± 85.1 | 0.331 | 285.1 ± 59.4 | 291.6 ± 72.1 | 0.776 |
Normally distributed values are presented as the mean ± SD; skewed values are presented as the median (Q1-Q3).
Alcohol consumption: never, never drink alcohol; occasional, drink less than three times a week; frequent, drink at least three times a week. Diet: meat, meat-based diet; meat/vegetable, meat and vegetarian diet; vegetables, vegetarian diet. Physical activity: low, low physical activity; moderate, moderate physical activity; High, high physical activity.
0.5-h PG, plasma glucose 0.5 hours after a glucose load; 2-h PG, plasma glucose 2 hours after a glucose load; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; BUA, blood uric acid; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HC, hip circumference; HR, heart rate; LDL/HDL-C, low-density/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP/DBP, systolic/diastolic blood pressure; SFA, subcutaneous fat area; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; VFA, visceral fat area.