Table 3.
Responses to survey items measuring socio-structural level, individual-level, and interpersonal-level variables (n = 2740).
| Variables | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Socio-structural-level variables | ||
| Individuals could make an appointment to receive COVID-19 vaccination during the study period | ||
| No | 1625 | 59.3 |
| Yes | 1115 | 40.7 |
| There was a shortage of COVID-19 vaccine in the city where the participants is living during the study period | ||
| No | 1874 | 68.4 |
| Yes | 866 | 31.6 |
| Whether participants belonged to priority groups to receive COVID-19 vaccination in their cities during the study period | ||
| No | 2192 | 80.0 |
| Yes | 548 | 20.0 |
| Individual-level variables | ||
| Perceptions related to COVID-19 vaccination | ||
| Positive attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination (% agree/strongly agree) | ||
| COVID-19 vaccination is effective in improving your immune function against COVID-19 |
1156 | 42.2 |
| COVID-19 vaccination is effective in reducing your risk of COVID-19 |
1851 | 67.6 |
| COVID-19 vaccination is effective in reducing mortality caused by COVID-19 |
1619 | 59.1 |
| COVID-19 vaccination is effective in reducing severity of the disease |
1667 | 60.8 |
| Taking up COVID-19 vaccination can make you feel relieved |
1713 | 62.5 |
| Positive Attitude Scale a, mean (SD) | 18.4 | (4.8) |
| Negative attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination (% agree/strongly agree) | ||
| COVID-19 vaccination has severe side effects | 1149 | 41.9 |
| COVID-19 vaccination uptake has significant negative influence on effectiveness of ART |
1588 | 58.0 |
| You have concerns about the risk of exposing your PLWH identity when taking up COVID-19 vaccination |
1864 | 68.0 |
| HIV infection has significant negative influence on effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination |
1552 | 56.6 |
| The side effects of COVID-19 vaccination are more severer for PLWH than those without HIV infection |
1604 | 58.5 |
| Negative Attitude Scale b, mean (SD) | 18.3 | (5.4) |
| Subjective norms related to COVID-19 vaccination (% agree/strongly agree) | ||
| Your family members will support you to take up COVID-19 vaccination |
1127 | 41.1 |
| Your HIV-infected friends will support you to take up COVID-19 vaccination |
705 | 25.7 |
| Medical professionals will support you to take up COVID-19 vaccination |
959 | 35.0 |
| CBO staff will support you to take up COVID-19 vaccination |
939 | 34.3 |
| Perceived Subjective Norm Scale c, mean (SD) | 13.3 | (2.4) |
| Perceived behavioral control to take up COVID-19 vaccination (% agree/strongly agree) | ||
| You will take up COVID-19 vaccination even if it will interrupt your daily routine |
928 | 33.9 |
| You will take up COVID-19 vaccination even when you do not feel well |
619 | 22.6 |
| You will take up COVID-19 vaccination even if the side effects would affect your daily activities |
681 | 24.9 |
| You will take up COVID-19 vaccination even if HIV infection would reduce its effectiveness |
859 | 21.3 |
| You will take up COVID-19 vaccination even if it will reduce effectiveness of ART | 583 | 21.3 |
| Perceived Behavioral Control Scale d, mean (SD) | 13.1 | (6.2) |
| Interpersonal-level variables | ||
| Advice from doctors regarding COVID-19 vaccination | ||
| Against taking up COVID-19 vaccination | 147 | 5.4 |
| No advice/neutral | 2130 | 77.7 |
| Supportive to take up COVID-19 vaccination | 463 | 16.9 |
| Mean (SD) | 2.1 | (0.5) |
| Advice from CBO staff regarding COVID-19 vaccination | ||
| Against taking up COVID-19 vaccination | 92 | 3.4 |
| No advice/neutral | 2315 | 84.5 |
| Supportive to take up COVID-19 vaccination | 333 | 12.2 |
| Mean (SD) | 2.1 | (0.4) |
| Advice from friends and family members regarding COVID-19 vaccination | ||
| Against taking up COVID-19 vaccination | 40 | 1.5 |
| No advice/neutral | 2644 | 96.5 |
| Supportive to take up COVID-19 vaccination | 56 | 2.0 |
| Mean (SD) | 2.0 | (0.2) |
| Advice from other PLWH regarding COVID-19 vaccination | ||
| Against taking up COVID-19 vaccination | 140 | 5.1 |
| No advice/neutral | 2418 | 88.2 |
| Supportive to take up COVID-19 vaccination | 182 | 6.6 |
| Mean (SD) | 2.0 | (0.3) |
| Overall opinion regarding COVID-19 vaccination for PLWH on Internet/social media | ||
| Against taking up COVID-19 vaccination | 182 | 6.6 |
| No advice/neutral | 2243 | 81.9 |
| Supportive to take up COVID-19 vaccination | 315 | 11.5 |
| Mean (SD) | 2.0 | (0.4) |
a
Positive Attitude Scale, five items, Cronbach's alpha: 0.83, one factor was identified by exploratory factor analysis, explaining for 61.1% of total variance;
b
Negative Attitude Scale, five items, Cronbach's alpha: 0.87, one factor was identified by exploratory factor analysis, explaining for 66.3% of total variance;
c
Perceived Subjective Norm Scale, four items, Cronbach's alpha: 0.84, one factor was identified by exploratory factor analysis, explaining for 63.4% of total variance;
d
Perceived Behavioral Control Scale, 5 items, Cronbach's alpha: 0.92, one factor was identified by exploratory factor analysis, explaining for 76.4% of total variance.