Table 4.
Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination uptake among participants living in cities/provinces where they can and cannot make an appointment to receive COVID-19 vaccines.
| Among participants living in cities where individuals could not make an appointment to receive COVID-19 vaccination (n = 1625) | Among participants living in cities where individuals could make an appointment to receive COVID-19 vaccination (n = 1115) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cOR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI) | cOR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI) | |
| Background characteristics | ||||
| Age groups (years) | ||||
| 18–29 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 30–39 | 1.36 (0.65, 2.84) | 1.06 (0.68, 1.65) | ||
| 40–49 | 2.13 (0.95, 4.75) | 1.10 (0.64, 1.91) | ||
| 50 or above | 0.39 (0.05, 3.01) | – | 1.06 (0.47, 2.38) | – |
| Gender at birth | ||||
| Male | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Female | 2.23 (0.97, 5.40) | – | 1.37 (0.60, 3.11) | – |
| Gender identity | ||||
| Male | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Female | 1.74 (0.80, 3.80) | 1.48 (0.79, 2.75) | ||
| Transgender | 0.27 (0.04, 1.97) | 0.81 (0.41, 1.60) | ||
| Others | N.A. | – | N.A. | – |
| Relationship status | ||||
| Currently single | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Cohabited/married with a same-sex partner | 2.26 (1.06,4.81)** | 1.88 (0.85, 4.15) | 0.74 (0.42, 1.30) | |
| Cohabited/married with an opposite-sex partner | 2.32 (1.18, 4.56)** | 2.31 (1.14, 4.70)* | 1.03 (0.62, 1.71) | – |
| Highest education level attained | ||||
| Junior high or below | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Senior high or equivalent | 0.34 (0.09, 1.33) | 1.47 (0.65, 3.31) | 1.47 (0.59, 3.69) | |
| College and above | 1.52 (0.67, 3.45) | – | 2.55 (1.26, 5.17)** | 1.76 (0.77, 4.01) |
| Employment status | ||||
| Full-time | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Part-time/unemployed/retired/students/others | 0.29 (0.12, 0.69)** | 0.34 (0.14, 0.82)* | 0.40 (0.23, 0.69)*** | 0.56 (0.29, 1.10) |
| Monthly personal income, China Yuan (US dollar) | ||||
| No fixed income | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Below 1,000 (154) | 3.83 (0.70, 21.26) | 0.96 (0.19, 4.86) | ||
| 1,000 to 2,999 (154–462) | 2.04 (0.40, 10.63) | 0.96 (0.31, 2.95) | ||
| 3,000 to 4,999 (462–770) | 3.82 (0.88, 16.61) | 1.59 (0.67, 3.75) | ||
| 5,000 to 6,999 (770–1,078) | 3.00 (0.63, 14.29) | 2.31 (0.95, 5.62) | ||
| 7,000 to 9,999 (1,078-1,540) | 2.91 (0.53, 16.01) | 2.31 (0.95, 5.62) | ||
| At least 10,000 (1,540) | 5.21 (1.04, 26.24)* | – | 2.30 (0.97, 5.44) | – |
| Types of health insurance | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Basic health insurance only | 3.17 (0.76, 13.21) | 2.20 (1.00, 4.86) | 1.31 (0.53, 3.20) | |
| Commercial health insurance only | N.A. | 0.43 (0.05, 3.56) | 0.28 (0.03, 2.80) | |
| Both basic and commercial health insurance | 2.10 (0.35, 12.77) | 3.29 (1.36, 7.95)** | 1.85 (0.65, 5.29) | |
| Others | 8.55 (0.72, 101.66) | – | N.A. | N.A. |
| Current smokers | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 0.62 (0.30, 1.29) | – | 0.83 (0.54, 1.28) | – |
| Current drinkers | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 1.24 (0.62, 2.45) | – | 0.98 (0.61, 1.58) | – |
| Self-reported BMI | ||||
| <18.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 18.5–23.9 | 4.36 (0.59, 32.28) | 0.91 (0.45, 1.84) | ||
| 24.0–27.9 | 8.16 (1.08, 61.88)* | 0.98 (0.46, 2.10) | ||
| ≥28 | 1.85 (0.11, 29.90) | – | 1.67 (0.63, 4.43) | – |
| Presence of chronic conditions | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 0.66 (0.34, 1.27) | – | 0.90 (0.60, 1.35) | – |
| Chronic diseases medication use | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 0.73 (0.17, 3.04) | – | 0.34 (0.11, 1.11) | – |
| History of other vaccination in the past three years | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 1.51 (0.79, 2.90) | – | 1.91 (1.29, 2.82)*** | 1.18 (0.74, 1.90) |
| Time since HIV diagnosis (years) | ||||
| ≤ 1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 2–5 | 0.72 (0.31,1.68) | 1.28 (0.72, 2.28) | ||
| >5 | 1.26 (0.55, 2.88) | – | 1.63 (0.92, 2.88) | – |
| On antiretroviral therapy (ART) | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 1.35 (0.18, 10.00) | — | 1.50 (0.35, 6.42) | – |
| HIV viral load in the most recent episode of testing | ||||
| Undetectable (<50 copies/ml) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| 50–200 copies/ml | 1.02 (0.31, 3.37) | 0.91 (0.44, 1.89) | 1.72 (0.70, 4.30) | |
| 201–400 copies/ml | 0.80 (0.11, 6.01) | 0.21 (0.03, 1.555) | 0.49 (0.06, 4.10) | |
| >400 copies/ml | 0.95 (0.22, 4.05) | 0.44 (0.18, 1.13) | 0.66 (0.23, 1.85) | |
| Not sure | 0.53 (0.21, 1.36) | – | 0.30 (0.14, 0.62)** | 071 (0.29, 1.76) |
| CD4+ T cell count in the most recent episode of testing | ||||
| >500/μl | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| 350–499/μl | 0.29 (0.10, 0.82)* | 0.66 (0.40, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.55, 1.77) | |
| 200–349/μl | 0.44 (013, 1.46) | 0.60 (0.30, 1.20) | 0.76 (0.33, 1.77) | |
| <200/μl | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |
| Not sure | 0.70 (0.33, 1.48) | – | 0.37 (0.20, 0.68)*** | 0.62 (0.29, 1.33) |
| Self-reported severity of AIDS-related symptoms | ||||
| Without any AIDS-related symptoms | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Very mild/mild | 1.13 (0.60, 2.14) | 0.95 (0.63, 1.44) | ||
| Moderate | 1.04 (0.42, 2.59) | 0.70 (0.35, 1.40) | ||
| Severe/very severe | 0.52 (0.07, 3.94) | – | 0.90 (0.37, 2.18) | – |
| Socio-structural-level variables | ||||
| There was a shortage of COVID-19 vaccines in the city where the participants are living during the study period | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 0.43 (0.17, 1.09) | – | 0.19 (0.12, 0.32)*** | 0.21 (0.12, 0.38)*** |
| Whether participants belonged to priority groups to receive COVID-19 vaccination in the city where they are living | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 2.68(1.47,4.89)** | 2.40(1.26,4.56)** | 2.18 (1.46, 3.26)*** | 1.88 (1.15, 3.09)** |
| Individual-level variables | ||||
| Positive Attitude Scale | 1.08 (1.01, 1.15)* | 1.09(1.01,1.16)* | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09)* | 1.05 (0.99, 1.10) |
| Negative Attitude Scale | 0.89 (0.85, 0.93)*** | 0.88 (0.83, 0.93)** | 0.86 (0.83, 0.89)*** | 0.85 (0.82, 0.89)*** |
| Perceived Subjective Norm Scale | 1.08 (0.96, 1.21) | – | 1.09 (1.01, 1.17)* | 0.94 (0.84, 1.04) |
| Perceived Behavioral Control Scale | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12)** | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 1.06 (1.03, 1.09)*** | 1.37 (0.86,2.18) |
| Interpersonal-level variables | ||||
| Advice from doctors regarding COVID-19 vaccination | 1.72 (0.96, 3.08) | – | 1.62 (1.11, 2.36)** | 1.37 (0.86, 2.18) |
| Advice from CBO staff regarding COVID-19 vaccination | 1.01 (0.50, 2.05) | – | 3.55 (2.42, 5.21)*** | 2.06 (1.30, 3.26)** |
| Advice from friends and family members regarding COVID-19 vaccination | 1.56 (0.55, 4.43) | – | 1.81 (0.94, 3.47) | – |
| Advice from other PLWH regarding COVID-19 vaccination | 1.65 (0.87, 3.12) | – | 1.41 (0.92, 2.17) | – |
| Overall opinion regarding COVID-19 vaccination for PLWH on Internet/social media | 2.20 (1.22, 3.99)** | 2.34 (1.24, 4.41)** | 3.02 (2.05, 4.44)*** | 2.81 (1.74, 4.52)*** |
*
P < 0.05,
**
P < 0.01,
***
P < 0.001;
cOR, crude odds ratios; AOR, adjusted odds ratios obtained from multivariate logistic regression model considering all significant variables in univariate analysis; CI, confidence interval; –, not considered by the model; N.A., not applicable.