Table 6.

Summary of results obtained in the standard (ST) and high bioactivation (HB) crosses of the Drosophila wing SMART after scoring marker-heterozygous flies (mwh +/+ flr³, wild-type wings) treated with nicotine (NIC) at [0.0, 0.0125, 0.0250, 0.050, 0.456, 1.9, 3.8 and 11.4 mM] + resveratrol (RES) [0.0004 or 0.0110 mM]; ethanol (1%) as dissolvent control.

Compound Crossb		Number of flies	Spots per Fly (Number of Spots) Statistical Diagnosisa					Mean	Clone formation
	Type		Small single spots	large single spots	Twin spots	Total spots	mwhclones	mvh clone size class	per 105 per cell	cells divisionc
			(1-2 cells)	(>2 cells)					observed	control connected
			m = 2	m = 5	m = 5	m = 5
NIC treatments + RES [0.0004 mM]
ST
EtOH	1 %	57	0.39 (022)	0.09 (005)	0.00 (000)	0.47 (027)	27	1.81	0.95
NIC+RES	0.4560	33	0.61 (020) -	0.06 (002) -	0.00 (000) -	0.67 (022) -	22	1.45	1.35	0.40
NIC+RES	1.9000	22	0.77 (017) +	0.27 (006) +	0.00 (000) -	1.05 (023) +	23	1.87	2.15	1.15
NIC+RES	3.8000	38	0.42 (016) -	0.05 (002) -	0.00 (000) -	0.47 (018) -	16	1.06	0.85	-0.10
NIC+RES	11.4000	13	0.92 (012) +	0.38 (005) +	0.00 (000) -	1.31 (017) +	17	2.47	2.70	1.70
HB
EtOH	1%	35	0.34 (012) -	0.09 (003)	0.03 (001)	0.46 (016)	16	1.94	0.95
NIC+RES	0.4560	64	0.36 (023) +	0.11 (007) -	0.00 (000) -	0.47 (030) -	29	2.21	0.95	0.00
NIC+RES	1.9000	49	0.29 (014) -	0.08 (004) -	0.02 (001) -	0.39 (019) -	18	2.33	0.75	-0.20
NIC+RES	3.8000	78	0.59 (046) +	0.05 (004) -	0.03 (002) -	0.67 (052) -	52	1.63	1.35	0.45
NIC+RES	11.4000	10	0.40 (004) -	0.00 (000) -	0.00 (000) -	0.40 (004) -	04	1.25	0.80	-0.10
NIC treatments + RES [0.0110 mM]
ST
EtOH	1 %	57	0.39 (022)	0.09 (005)	0.00 (000)	0.47 (027)	27	1.81	0.95
NIC+RES	0.4560	45	0.69 (031) +	0.04 (002) -	0.07 (004) -	0.80 (036) +	36	1.86	1.65	0.65
NIC+RES	1.9000	42	0.76 (032) +	0.10 (004) -	0.12 (005) +	0.98 (041) +	41	2.02	2.00	1.05
NIC+RES	3.8000	52	0.62 (032) -	0.12 (006) -	0.04 (002) -	0.77 (040) +	40	1.77	1.60	0.60
NIC+RES	11.4000	37	0.38 (014) -	0.14 (005) -	0.05 (002) -	0.57 (021) -	20	2.30	1.10	0.15
HB∗
EtOH	1 %	60	0.33 (020) -	0.17 (010) -	0.00 (000) -	0.50 (030) -	28	2.00	0.95
NIC+RES	0.4560	60	0.37 (022) -	0.10 (006) -	0.02 (001) -	0.48 (029) -	29	1.97	1.00	0.05
NIC+RES	1.9000	61	0.34 (021) -	0.10 (006) -	0.05 (003) -	0.49 (030) -	29	2.03	1.00	0.00
NIC+RES	3.8000	60	0.45 (027) -	0.22 (013) -	0.00 (000) -	0.67 (040) -	40	2.42	1.35	0.40
NIC treatments + RES [0.0110 mM]
ST
EtOH	1 %	60	0.45 (027) -	0.15 (009) -	0.05 (003) -	0.65 (039) -	38	2.34	1.30
NIC+RES	0.0125	40	0.73 (029) +	0.00 (000) -	0.00 (000) -	0.73 (029) -	29	1.14	1.50	0.20
NIC+RES	0.0250	49	0.96 (047) +	0.27 (013) -	0.00 (000) -	1.22 (060) +	59	2.08	2.45	1.10
NIC+RES	0.0500	53	0.62 (033) -	0.04 (002) -	0.00 (000) -	0.66 (035) -	35	1.34	1.35	-1.10
HB
EtOH	1 %	60	0.60 (036) -	0.08 (005) -	0.00 (000) -	0.68 (041) -	40	1.37	1.35
NIC+RES	0.0125	67	0.54 (036) -	0.00 (000) -	0.04 (003) +	0.58 (039) -	39	1.54	1.20	-0.15
NIC+RES	0.0250	59	0.68 (040) -	0.07 (004) -	0.00 (000) -	0.75 (044) -	44	1.36	1.55	0.15
NIC+RES	0.0500	57	0.63 (036) -	0.05 (003) -	0.00 (000) -	0.68 (039) -	39	1.33	1.40	0.05

^aStatistical diagnoses according to Frei and Würgler (1988) m: minimal risk multiplication factor for the assessment of negative results. For the final statistical diagnosis of all positive (+) and negative (-) results; the non-parametric Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon U-test with significance levels α and β = 0.05 was used to exclude false positive or negative diagnoses [Frei and Würgler, 1995]. One side binomial test, significance levels α and β: significant results: + (α ≤ 0.05; no significant results: - (β ≤ 0.05).

^bST: standard cross; HB: high bioactivation cross.

^cClone frequencies per fly divided by the number of cells examined per fly (48,800) gives an estimate of formation frequencies per cell and per cell division in chronic exposure experiments [Frei and Würgler, 1995].∗In HB cross the NIC [11.4 mM] + RES [0.0110 mM] treatment was lethal.