. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 27.

Published in final edited form as: Autism Res. 2020 Oct 5;13(10):1634–1658. doi: 10.1002/aur.2402

Table 2.

Association Between Dietary Factors and ASD-related traits (continuous scores) according to reported adjusted betas (95% CI).

	Study	Exposure assessment	Outcome measure^¶	Beta (Confidence Interval)

Folic Acid	Steenweg-de Graaff et al., 2014	Maternal preconception FAS^†: use vs. not	SRS (18-item subset)	−0.042 (−0.068, −0.017)

	Braun et al., 2014	PVS^‡: weekly/daily vs. rarely/never	SRS total T scores	−2.7 (−6.5, 1.1)
	Braun et al., 2014	WBF^§ per standard deviation increase		0.6 (0.3,1.5)

Vitamin D	Vinkhuyzen et al., 2016	Maternal 25OHD (nmol/L): deficient (<25) vs. sufficient (≥ 50)	SRS (18-item subset)	0.06 (0.04, 0.08)
	Vinkhuyzen et al., 2016	Neonatal 25OHD (nmol/L): deficient (<25) vs. sufficient (≥ 50)		0.03 (0.01, 0.05)

	Lopez-Vicente et al., 2019	25OHD3 (ng/mL) per 10-unit increase	CAST	−0.02 (−0.17, 0.12)
	Lopez-Vicente et al., 2019	≥30 ng/mL vs. <20ng/mL 25OHD3		−0.26 (−0.71, 0.19)

Fish and PUFAs	Steenweg-de Graaff et al.,2016	ω−3:ω−6 ratio quintile: highest vs. lowest	SRS (18-item subset)	−0.024 (−0.047, −0.000)
	Steenweg-de Graaff et al.,2016	1-unit increase in linoleic acid		0.012 (0.001–0.023)

	Julvez et al., 2016	Fish intake quintile: highest vs. lowest	CAST	−0.55 (−1.06, −0.04)

	Vecchione et al, 2020	Overall fish intake: High (Daily) VS Low (Monthly/None) in second half of pregnancy	SRS raw total score	5.60 (1.76, 12.97)
	Vecchione et al, 2020	Salmon: Any VS None		−4.66 (−10.29, 0.97)

^†

FAS=Folic acid supplementation.

^‡

PVS=prenatal vitamin supplementation.

^§

WBF= whole blood folate; 25OHD= 25 hydroxycholecalciferol.

^¶

SRS= Social Responsiveness Scale; CAST=Childhood Autism Spectrum Test. Higher scores on both indicate greater ASD traits or severity.