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. 2022 Jun 27;20:303. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01505-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Intraperitoneal injection of arctiin ameliorated DMM-induced subchondral bone sclerosis in seven-week-old C57BL/6J male mice. A, B 2D reconstructed coronal and sagittal model of the mice knee joints. C 3D reconstructed model and the formation of osteocytes of the medial tibial plateau. D–F The effects of arctiin treatment on the values of bone volume ratio (BV/TV, %), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th, mm), and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp., mm⁻¹) (n = 6). Values represent mean ± SD. Statistically significant differences are indicated by * where p < 0.05, ** where p < 0.01, *** where p < 0.001 and **** where p < 0.0001 between the indicated groups