Table 1.

Blood half-lives (t_1/2) of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) coated with the different types of molecules following their intravenous injection into mammal models

Core size/hydrodynamic size (nm)	Name	Coating molecule	Model	Dose (mg Fe/kg)	t1/2	Applications/Investigation	Refs.
4-6/NA1	USPIO	Dextran	Rats	15	2 h	MRI of spinal cord	[233]
5/30	USPIO sinerem	Dextran	Rats	11.2	4 h 30 min	Tumor MRI	[234]
NA/15	Fractionated Feridex	Dextran	Rabbits	4.8	15.9 h	MR imaging for atherosclerosis	[235]
NA/50-80	Amino-dextran SPIO-micromod	Dextran 20 kDa	Mice	4	5-60 min	Protein absorption analysis	[236]
3-5/60-80	Resovist (SHU 555 C, ferucarbotran)	Carboxydextran	Rats	5.6	56 ± 17 min	Imaging of inflammatory bowel disease	[237]
30/30-70	Nanoworms	Dextran-PEG2	Mice	3	16–19 h	Tumor targeting	[67]
7/NA	NA	Chitosan-chlorotoxin-cy5.5	Mice	6.673	7–8 h	Cancer targeting and imaging/NIR fluorescence scanner for half-blood life	[24]
70/NA	NA	Silica + PEG	Rats	5.7	2.5 h	General MRI	[20]
12/NA and 15/NA	MF66 and OD15	DMSA4	Pigs	0.5 -2	15 min	Breast and pancreatic cancer	[238]
NA/46 and 53	PDS1 and PDS8	Dextran-PEG	Mice	100	< 1 h	NA	[239]
NA/29	NA	EDT5	Mice	5	6 min	Brain targeting	[232]
NA/65	NA	Dextran	Mice	2	150 min	Tumor targeting	[224]
5-10/194	SPIO-alginate	Alginate	Rats	6.1212.23	0.25 h0.59 h	MR liver imaging	[134]
5/15-50	Ferumoxtran-10 (USPIO, AMI-227)	Dextran	Humans	2.6	> 24 h	MRI for detection in lymph nodes	[50]
5/62-80	Ferumoxides (SSPIO, AMI-25, SHU 555 A)	Dextran/Carboxydextran	Humans	1.16 – 11.6	3.9 – 8 min	MRI for metastatic lesion detection in liver	[48]
10/NA35/NA	LUSPIOLSPIO	PEGgylated lipid	Mice	3.9	1.41 h1.01 h	Imaging of oxidation-specific epitopes within the arterial wall	[40]
5.6/12	NC100150	Oxidized starch	Humans	1, 2 and 5	2-3 h6	Positive-contrastMR angiography	[227]
7/74.9	PC SPION	Oleic acid/Encapsulation into phosphatidylo-cholinemicelles	Rats	0.15	10 h	MRI contrast agents/drug delivery	[226]
26/78	LS-008	PMAO7-PEG	Rats	5	4.2 h	MPI tracer	[170]
3.2/116.2	NA	PEG-cysteine	Rats	NA	6.2 h	T1-weighted MR imaging	[88]
NA/34.1-35.9	IONP-ICG	Dextran-ICG8-PEG	Mice	55.8	164-197 min	Imaging of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques	[228]
NA/50	MNP-VEGF9@Dox10	Albumin-PEG-VEGF@Dox	Rats	5	14.6 h	Targeted theranostics of breast cancer	[89]
9/16	BFNPs	Fluorescent carbon	Mice	3.333	1.36 h	Photothermal therapy for tumor treatment	[229]
8-12/30	RGD10-NGR9-USPIO	Dextran-RGD10-NGR9-peptides	Mice	25	6.2 h	MRI of tumor angiogenesis	[230]
30-35/94	MNP@PES-Cy7/2-DG	Poly(4-styrenesulfona-te)-Cyanine7/2-deoxyglucose-polyethylene glycol	Mice	NA (0.075 mg NPs per mouse)	1.61–2.07 h1116.2–24.56 h12	Trimodality imaging-guided intracellular photo-magnetic hyperthermia therapy	[240]
5/140-23013	Raspberry SPIONs	Oleic acid/GCPQ14	Mice	32.5	28.3 min	MRI contrast agents	[97]
14/40	IONP@PMSEA15	Oleic acid/PMSEA	Rats	10	5.15 h	Potential delivery agents for therapeutics and diagnostics	[94]
11/22	Fe3O4-PEG-5Ab16	PEG-5Ab	Mice	10	6.96 h	Targeted imaging and enhanced treatment of NHL17	[241]
NA/64	MCP18-PEG10K	PEG 10 kDa	Rats	2.795.59	1.8 min5.2 min	MPI tracers	[80]
NA/84.1	MCP-PEG10K2	PEG 10 kDa (double layer)	Rats	2.79	62.1 min	MPI tracers	[80]
20.7-22.6/54-76	RL-1	PEG-silane	Mice	6.673	6.99 h	MPI tracers	[231]
10/154	PEG-starch-IONPS	PEG-starch	Mice	12	2.7 h	Photothermal therapy (PTT) agents	[84]
13/178	PTX19@FA20@PEG/PEI21-SPIONs	PTX-FA-PEG/PEI	Rats	NA	3.41 h	PTX delivery system	[85]

¹NA – not available; ²PEG- polyethylene glycol; ³assuming that each mouse weighed 30 g; ⁴– dimercaptosuccinid acid, ⁵– ethylenediaminetriacetate, ⁶- depending on the dose, ⁷- poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene), ⁸- indocyanine green, ⁹- vascular endothelial growth factor, ¹⁰- doxorubicin, ¹¹- distribution phase, ¹²- elimination phase, ¹³- 5 nm SPIONs clustered into larger raspberry shape, ¹⁴- N-palmitoyl-N-monomethyl-N,N-dimethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-6-O-glycolchitosan, ¹⁵- poly[2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate], ¹⁶- RTX(rituximab)antibodies, ¹⁷- non-Hodgkin lymphoma, ¹⁸- magnetic multicore particles, ¹⁹- paclitaxel, ²⁰- folic acid, ²¹- poly(ethyleneimine)