Table 3.
Crude and adjusted associations of determinants of food insecurity (binary and categorical) for a sample of survey respondents in Massachusetts to the Census Household Pulse Survey, March 2020 – March 2021 (n = 57,678)1.
|
Binary Food Insecurity Adjusted Odds Ratio3 (95% CI) p-value |
Categorical Food Insecurity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Marginal Food Security2 Adjusted Odds Ratio3 (95% CI) p-value |
Low Food Security2 Adjusted Odds Ratio3 (95% CI) p-value |
Very Low Food Security2 Adjusted Odds Ratio3 (95% CI) p-value |
||
| Age Categories | ||||
| 18–29 (ref) | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] |
| 30–39 | 1.46 (1.24, 1.72) <0.0001 |
1.85 (1.31, 2.62) 0.0005 |
1.53 (1.28, 1.83) <0.0001 |
1.22 (1.11, 1.33) <0.0001 |
| 40–49 | 1.54 (1.31, 1.82) <0.0001 |
1.92 (1.34, 2.76) 0.0004 |
1.58 (1.31, 1.90) <0.0001 |
1.15 (1.05, 1.27) 0.0030 |
| 50–59 | 1.21 (1.02, 1.45) 0.0297 |
1.45 (0.99, 2.13) 0.0548 |
1.21 (0.99, 1.46) 0.0582 |
1.07 (0.97, 1.17) 0.1816 |
| 60–69 | 0.75 (0.62, 0.91) 0.0032 |
0.63 (0.40, 0.97) 0.0371 |
0.75 (0.61, 0.93) 0.0077 |
0.92 (0.83, 1.02) 0.1128 |
| 70+ | 0.26 (0.20, 0.33) <0.0001 |
0.21 (0.12, 0.37) <0.0001 |
0.23 (0.17, 0.30) <0.0001 |
0.64 (0.57, 0.72) <0.0001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male (ref) | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] |
| Female | 0.92 (0.84, 1.00) 0.0625 |
0.92 (0.76, 1.12) 0.4277 |
0.96 (0.87, 1.06) 0.3841 |
1.10 (1.05, 1.15) <0.0001 |
| Ethnicity4 | ||||
| No, not of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (ref) | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] |
| Yes, of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin | 1.62 (1.44, 1.82) <0.0001 |
2.01 (1.57, 2.57) <0.0001 |
1.83 (1.61, 2.09) <0.0001 |
1.36 (1.26, 1.47) <0.0001 |
| Race4 | ||||
| White, alone (ref) | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] |
| Black, alone | 2.26 (1.99, 2.58) <0.0001 |
1.78 (1.30, 2.43) 0.0003 |
3.04 (2.64, 3.52) <0.0001 |
1.66 (1.51,1.81) <0.0001 |
| Asian, alone | 1.16 (0.94, 1.43) 0.1603 |
1.00 (0.60, 1.67) 0.9987 |
1.38 (1.10, 1.73) 0.0054 |
1.38 (1.27, 1.52) <0.0001 |
| Any other or combination | 2.38 (2.04, 2.77) <0.0001 |
2.85 (2.10, 3.86) <0.0001 |
2.92 (2.46, 3.47) <0.0001 |
1.60 (1.43, 1.78) <0.0001 |
| Education Level4 | ||||
| Less than or some high school | 7.96 (6.37, 9.94) <0.0001 |
9.01 (5.70, 14.24) <0.0001 |
11.34 (8.79, 14.62) <0.0001 |
2.55 (2.17, 3.01) <0.0001 |
| High school graduate or equivalent | 5.71 (4.85, 6.71) <0.0001 |
6.09 (4.27, 8.68) <0.0001 |
7.52 (6.27, 9.01) <0.0001 |
2.22 (2.05, 2.40) <0.0001 |
| Some college | 4.45 (3.82, 5.19) <0.0001 |
4.53 (3.22,6.37) <0.0001 |
6.00 (5.06, 7.12) <0.0001 |
2.29 (2.15, 2.44) <0.0001 |
| Associate’s degree | 4.77 (4.02,5.67) <0.0001 |
4.51 (3.05, 6.67) <0.0001 |
6.31 (5.21,7.64) <0.0001 |
2.14 (1.98, 2.32) <0.0001 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 1.82 (1.56, 2.13) <0.0001 |
1.45 (1.01, 2.09) 0.0433 |
2.03 (1.71, 2.42) <0.0001 |
1.28 (1.21, 1.35) <0.0001 |
| Graduate degree (ref) | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] |
| Marital Status4 | ||||
| Now married (ref) | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] |
| Widowed | 2.28 (1.82, 2.86) <0.0001 |
4.18 (2.61, 6.69) <0.0001 |
2.26 (1.75, 2.92) <0.0001 |
1.33 (1.19, 1.48) <0.0001 |
| Divorced | 2.85 (2.51, 3.23) <0.0001 |
4.25 (3.15, 5.73) <0.0001 |
3.31 (2.88, 3.80) <0.0001 |
1.66 (1.55, 1.77) <0.0001 |
| Separated | 3.71 (3.02, 4.56) <0.0001 |
7.64 (5.05, 11.57) <0.0001 |
4.40 (3.46, 5.60) <0.0001 |
1.94 (1.68, 2.25) <0.0001 |
| Never married | 2.40 (2.13, 2.71) <0.0001 |
4.03 (3.06, 5.30) <0.0001 |
2.44 (2.14, 2.78) <0.0001 |
1.31 (1.23, 1.39) <0.0001 |
| Household Size | ||||
| 1 person household (ref) | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] |
| 2 person household | 0.88 (0.77, 1.00) 0.0513 |
0.62 (0.46, 0.83) 0.0012 |
0.96 (0.83, 1.11) 0.5806 |
1.00 (0.93, 1.07) 0.9908 |
| 3 person household | 1.05 (0.91,1.21) 0.5285 |
0.95 (0.70, 1.29) 0.7439 |
1.17 (0.997, 1.38) 0.0551 |
1.18 (1.09, 1.27) <0.0001 |
| 4 person household | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) 0.7743 |
0.91 (0.65, 1.26) 0.5578 |
1.06 (0.89, 1.26) 0.5342 |
1.10 (1.02, 1.20) 0.0205 |
| 5 person household | 1.20 (1.00, 1.44) 0.0462 |
1.22 (0.83, 1.78) 0.3205 |
1.37 (1.12, 1.68) 0.0025 |
1.28 (1.16, 1.41) <0.0001 |
| 6 + person household | 1.86 (1.54, 2.24) <0.0001 |
2.27 (1.56, 3.30) <0.0001 |
2.18 (1.76, 2.69) <0.0001 |
1.47 (1.31, 1.66) <0.0001 |
| Any work for pay/profit | ||||
| Yes (ref) | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] | 1.0 [reference] |
| No | 2.53 (2.32, 2.77) <0.0001 |
4.59 (3.73, 5.65) <0.0001 |
2.75 (2.49, 3.04) <0.0001 |
1.58 (1.51, 1.66) <0.0001 |
Analyses were conducted using binomial and multinomial logistic regression, significance = 0.05.
1. Analyses were conducted after data imputation to account for missing values.
2. Definitions include: food security (enough of the kinds of food I/we wanted to eat); marginal food security (enough, but not always the kinds of food I/we wanted to eat); low food security (sometimes not enough to eat); very low food security (often not enough to eat).
3. Adjusted analyses were controlled for the other variables in the table.
4. Categories were determined by the categories listed on the Census Pulse Household Survey.