Table 1.
Selected characteristics of the study population.
| Population Covariates | CANDLE (n = 776) | GAPPS (n = 205) |
|---|---|---|
| Continuous | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
| Maternal Age, years | 27.3 (5.5)* | 30.5 (5.7) * |
| Gestational Age at Birth, weeks | 39.0 (1.5) | 38.3 (3.0) |
| Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 27.7 (7.4)* | 26.3 (9.1) * |
| Categorical | N (%) | N (%) |
| Maternal Race/Ethnicity | ||
| White | 292 (37.6) | 164 (80.0) |
| Black/African American | 438 (56.4) | 4 (2.0) |
| Asian | 6 (0.8) | 8 (3.9) |
| Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 0 (0) | 2 (1.0) |
| Other | 37 (4.8) | 13 (6.3) |
| Multiple Race | 3 (0.4) | 3 (1.5) |
| Missing | 11 (5.4) | |
| Offspring Sex | ||
| Male | 381 (49.1) | 108 (52.7) |
| Female | 395 (50.9) | 97 (47.3) |
| Season of Birth | ||
| Spring | 166 (21.4) | 53 (25.9) |
| Summer | 217 (28.0) | 50 (24.4) |
| Fall | 216 (27.8) | 52 (25.4) |
| Winter | 170 (21.9) | 50 (24.4) |
| Missing | 7 (0.9) | |
| Year of Birth | ||
| 2007 | 54 (7.0) | 0 (0) |
| 2008 | 116 (14.9) | 0 (0) |
| 2009 | 209 (26.9) | 0 (0) |
| 2010 | 229 (29.5) | 0 (0) |
| 2011 | 161 (20.7) | 40 (19.5) |
| 2012 | 0 (0) | 66 (32.2) |
| 2013 | 0 (0) | 83 (40.5) |
| 2014 | 0 (0) | 16 (7.8) |
| Missing | 7 (0.9) | |
| Mode of Delivery | ||
| Normal/Vaginal | 470 (60.6) | 114 (55.6) |
| C-section | 306 (39.4) | 71 (34.6) |
| Missing | 20 (9.8) | |
| Presence/Absence of Labor | ||
| Spontaneous, spontaneous augmented, or induced labor | 627 (80.8) | 112 (54.6) |
| No labor | 148 (19.1) | 16 (7.8) |
| Missing | 1 (0.1) | 77 (37.6) |
| Maternal Smoking | ||
| Yes/Cotinine positive (>200 ng/mL) | 56 (7.2) | 0 (0) |
| No/Cotinine negative (<200 ng/mL) | 720 (92.8) | 208 (100) |
| Maternal Education | ||
| Less than high school | 66 (8.5) | 10 (4.9) |
| High school completion | 346 (44.6) | 57 (27.8) |
| Graduated college or technical school | 260 (33.5) | 85 (41.5) |
| Some graduate work or professional degree | 104 (13.4) | 52 (25.4) |
| Missing | 1 (0.5) |
*
Mean and standard deviations calculated with missing values removed (10 and 3 subjects for maternal age and 2 and 5 for pre-pregnancy BMI in CANDLE and GAPPS respectively.