Table 1.

Preclinical studies combining ICD inducers and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.

ICD inducer	PD-1 / PD-L1	Cancer models	Treatment procedure	Observations	Ref
Oxaliplatin + cyclophosphamide	PD-1 + CTLA-4	KRAS and TRP53 (KP) mutant lung cancer	Sequential	Restores the sensitivity of a multi treatment-resistant lung cancer model to PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade	29
Oxaliplatin + cyclophosphamide	PD-L1	KRAS and TRP53 (KP) mutant lung cancer	Sequential	Enhances recruitment of CAR-T cells to lung tumors and sensitizes tumors to PD-L1 blockade	30
Oxaliplatin or mitoxantrone	PD-1 + CTLA-4	Fibrosarcoma	Sequential	Oxaliplatin combination with CRMs synergize with ICIs	31
Oxaliplatin	PD-L1	LLC	Simultaneous	Oxaliplatin treatment led to increased PD-L1 expression on LLC cells and synergize anti-PD-L1	32
Oxaliplatin	PD-1	LLC	Simultaneous	Oxaliplatin treatment improves tumor infiltration of T and NK cells and synergize αPD-1	24
Oxaliplatin	PD-1	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Sequential	Combination therapy of oxaliplatin and αPD-1 exert better anticancer effect than monotherapy	30
Oxaliplatin	PD-L1	Colorectal cancer	Simultaneous	Oxaliplatin boosts anti-PD-L1 effect in an orthotopic colorectal tumor model	33
Oxaliplatin	PD-1 + CTLA-4	Colorectal cancer	Sequential	Oxaliplatin-induced ICD rendered an ICI-resistant preclinical colorectal cancer model to response	34
Oxaliplatin + pemetrexed	PD-1	Colorectal cancer	Simultaneous	Oxaliplatin + pemetrexed increase DC and T cell infiltration, potentiate αPD-1 for regressing murine colorectal cancer.	35
Oxaliplatin + trifluridine/tipiracil	PD-1	Colorectal cancer	Simultaneous	Oxaliplatin + FTD/TPI induce ICD in vivo and potentiate αPD-1 effect	36
Oxaliplatin + capecitabine	PD-L1	Colorectal cancer	Simultaneous	Oxaliplatin + capecitabine potentiate αPD-L1 effects	37
Oxaliplatin + 5-FU	PD-1	Gastric cancer	Simultaneous	Oxaliplatin + 5-FU increase cytotoxic T cell infiltration, deplete MDSCs in gastric tumors and increased the response to αPD-1	38
PT-112 (a platinum-pyrophosphate conjugate)	PD-1 PD-L1	Colorectal cancer	Sequential	PT-112 synergizes with PD-1 or PD-L1 blockade to eradicate established mouse colon tumors	39
Crizotinib in combination with cisplatin	PD-1	NSCLC; fibrosarcoma	Sequential	Crizotinib-induced ICD sensitizes αPD-1 in implantable, carcinogen- or oncogene induced orthotopic NSCLC models	40
Ceritinib	PD-1	ALCL	Sequential	Crizotinib and ceritinib induce ICD and synergize with αPD1 in ALK-dependent ALCL	41,42
Dinaciclib	PD-1	Colorectal cancer; bladder cancer	Simultaneous	Dinaciclib-induced ICD augments antitumor immunity elicited by αPD-1	43
Lurbinectedin	PD-1 + CTLA-4	NSCLC; fibrosarcoma	Sequential	FDA-approved lurbinectedin treatment showed traits of ICD and was boosted in combination with PD-1 and CTLA-4 ICI	44,45
Vinorelbine, cyclophosphamide and 5-FU	PD-1 PD-L1	Breast cancer; lymphoma	Simultaneous	Combination treatment with these chemotherapies synergized with αPD-L1	46
LTX-401	PD-1 + CTLA-4	NSCLC; fibrosarcoma	Sequential	LTX-401 treatment sequentially combined with double ICI exhibited strong abscopal antineoplastic effects	47
Local anesthetics in combination with cisplatin	PD-1	Fibrosarcoma; breast cancer; colorectal cancer	Sequential	Local anesthetics induce ICD and exert synergistic anticancer effect with cisplatin and αPD1	48
Cold atmospheric plasma	PD-L1	Melanoma	Simultaneous	Cold atmospheric plasma elicits ICD in melanoma and augments the antitumor effect of αPD-L1	49,50
Radiotherapy	PD-1	NSCLC	Sequential	Radiotherapy potentiates the effect of αPD-1 in KRAS-driven mouse NSCLC	51
Oncolytic virotherapy	PD-1 and CTLA-4	Breast cancer	Sequential	Oncolytic adenoviruses synergistically enhance anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy	52
	PD-1	Fibrosarcoma	Sequential	Transcription inhibitors exert immunogenic cell killing and sensitize solid tumors to PD-1 blockade	53

5-fluorouracil, 5-FU; anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALCL; caloric restriction mimics, CRM; chimeric antigen receptor-T cell, CAR-T; immune checkpoint inhibitor, ICI; immunogenic cell death, ICD; Lewis lung carcinoma, LLC; non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC