Table 2.
Odds Ratios for the Association Between Beverage Intake and Odds of Incident NAFLD in the Offspring and Third Generation Cohorts
| Cohort and categories of beverage intake (servings) | Median intake (servings/week) | No. of cases/N | Multivariable adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Multivariablea and BMI adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SSB intake | ||||
| Offspring | ||||
| Non-consumers (<1/mo) | 0 | 22/165 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Occasional (1/mo–<1/wk) | 0.5 | 32/166 | 1.58 (0.86–2.89) | 1.82 (0.97–3.43) |
| Frequent (≥1/wk) | 3.2 | 59/233 | 2.14 (1.18–3.87) | 2.54 (1.36–4.73) |
| P trend | .02 | .01 | ||
| Third Generation | ||||
| Non-consumers (<1/mo) | 0 | 33/190 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Occasional (1/mo–<1/wk) | 0.5 | 38/225 | 1.12 (0.66–1.95) | 1.19 (0.66–2.14) |
| Frequent (≥1/wk) | 3.5 | 67/375 | 1.12 (0.65–1.92) | 1.29 (0.73–2.30) |
| P trend | .79 | .46 | ||
| Pooled | ||||
| Non-consumers (<1/mo) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Occasional (1/mo–<1/wk) | 1.31 (0.87–1.96) | 1.45 (0.94–2.23) | ||
| Frequent (≥1/wk) | 1.51 (0.97–2.36) | 1.77 (1.11–2.83) | ||
| P trend | .23 | .09 | ||
|
| ||||
| Diet soda intake | ||||
| Offspring | ||||
| Non-consumers (<1/mo) | 0 | 36/199 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Occasional (1/mo–<1/wk) | 0.5 | 21/109 | 1.21 (0.66–2.24) | 1.13 (0.60–2.14) |
| Frequent (≥1/wk) | 5 | 56/256 | 1.24 (0.77–1.97) | 0.97 (0.59–1.60) |
| P trend | .47 | .76 | ||
| Third Generation | ||||
| Non-consumers (<1/mo) | 0 | 46/318 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Occasional (1/mo–<1/wk) | 0.5 | 19/158 | 0.83 (0.46–1.48) | 0.72 (0.39–1.33) |
| Frequent (≥1/wk) | 3 | 73/314 | 1.70 (1.11–2.59) | 1.25 (0.79–1.97) |
| P trend | .003 | .15 | ||
| Pooled | ||||
| Non-consumers (<1/mo) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Occasional (1/mo–<1/wk) | 0.99 (0.65–1.51) | 0.89 (0.57–1.39) | ||
| Frequent (≥1/wk) | 1.48 (1.08–2.03) | 1.11 (0.80–1.56) | ||
| P trend | .10 | .53 | ||
AHEI, Alternate Healthy Eating Index; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage.
a
The model was adjusted for sex, averages of age, physical activity level, energy intake, coffee intake, AHEI (without SSB), intake of diet soda or SSB, and change in current cigarette smoking status.