Table 2.

Summary of current advancements in multiphasic scaffolds

Component	Fabrication technique	Experimental model	Outcomes	Literature support
PCL	Solution electrospinning and fused deposition modeling	Athymic rats: ectopic model (subcutaneous implantation of scaffold-dentin slide complex)	Higher rate of cementum-like tissue deposition at the dentin-cell sheet interface was observed. However, there was poor integration of new PDL-like tissue with the bone compartment	Vaquette et al.[111]
Chitin-PLGA + bioactive glass	Freeze lyophilization	Rabbits: maxillary periodontal defects	Formation of new cementum, fibrous PDL and alveolar bone were observed with well-defined bony trabeculae after 3 months. However, the thickness and shape of the scaffold could not be customized.	Sowmya et al.[112]
PCL	Melt electrospinning and solution electrospinning	Sheep: periodontal dehiscence defects	Excellent tissue integration between the bone and PDL compartments as well as the root surface was observed. Constructs combined with PDLSCs showed greater bone fill at week 10 compared with BMSCs and gingival cells.	Vaquette et al.[113]

PCL: polycaprolactone; PDL: periodontal ligament; PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); BMSCs: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; PDLSC: periodontal ligament stem cells