Table 2. Characteristics of the included quantitative studies.

Author/Country	Aim/Purpose	Study Design	Study Participants	Outcome Measures	Method of Analyses	Key Findings
Delfani et al. [46] Iran	Compare the effects of muscle relaxation and mental imagery techniques on pain intensity in in patients with second degree burns	Quasi-experimental study	n = 135 (all male). Age range 20–45 years	VAS	One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chi-square test and one sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test	Both interventions viz. muscle relaxation and mental imagery significantly reduced pain intensity (p = 0.02; p < 0.01) in patients with a second-degree burn wound.
Fauerbach et al. [37] USA	Evaluate the feasibility of conducting an RCT of the SMART (Safety, Meaning, Activation, and Resilience Training) intervention vs nondirective supportive psychotherapy (NDSP) in a sample of acutely hospitalized adult survivors of burn injury.	A proof-of-concept, parallel group RCT	n = 50 but due to drop out and missing data final sample size was n = 40. Age range 18–62 years	DTS ASD PHQ-9 MCSQ	Descriptive statistics (range, median, SE)	The findings suggest that (1) it is feasible to conduct an RCT of brief CBT (i.e., SMART) vs NDSP in an acutely injured, hospitalized sample of survivors of burn injury and (2) brief CBT has the potential to yield clinically significant outcomes in this population.
Jafarizadeh et al. [38] Iran	Compare the effectiveness of hypnosis and ‘neutral hypnosis’ (as a placebo in the control group) in decreasing background burn pain	Quantitative—blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled study.	n = 60 (all male). Mean age 30.5±9.11 years	VAS PHQ-9 BSPAS SF-MPQ The Stanford hypnotic clinical scale	Descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation and frequency (%)), Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to identify the normal distribution of data, independent t-test, Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test, Repeated measures ANOVA	No significant difference between groups in reduction in background pain intensity. Significant reduction in background pain quality and pain anxiety in the intervention group during the four hypnosis sessions (p<0.0005).
Berger et al. [50] Switzerland	Measure the influence of a new pain management including hypnosis in a critical care setting on pain intensity and the patients’ anticipation of pain before treatment.	Intervention study with matched controls	n = 23 + n = 23 historical controls. Age 36±14 years old.	VAS ESAS	Data provided as mean ±S.D., median and range. Comparison of baseline continuous variables between groups with one-way ANOVA, and non-parametric variables with x2 tests, or Wilcoxon test. Two-way ANOVA used to analyse evolution of opioid dose delivery over time.	The pain protocol using hypnosis resulted in the early delivery of higher opioid doses/24 h (p<0.0001) followed by a later reduction with lower pain scores (p<0.0001), less procedural related anxiety, less procedures under anaesthesia, reduced total grafting requirements (p = 0.014), and lower hospital costs per patient.
Najafi Ghezeljeh et al. [39] Iran	Evaluate the effects of massage and music on pain intensity, anxiety intensity and relaxation level in burn patients.	Randomized controlled clinical trial with factorial design	n = 240 divided into 4 following groups (i) control group (n = 60), (ii) massage group (n = 60), (iii) music group (n = 60) and (iv) music-plus-massage group (n = 60). Mean [standard deviation (SD)] age of the participants was 32.23 (8.43) years.	VAS	One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Scheffe ad hoc test and Chi-square test were applied. Mean scores of changes in variables before and after intervention were considered to compare groups. Within group comparison (before and after intervention), paired t-test and Chi-square test were used.	There was a significant difference in the mean change scores of pain intensity between the control group and music group (p < .001), massage group (p < .001) and the music plus massage group (p < .001).
Mohammedi Fakhar et al. [40] Iran	Determine the effect of jaw relaxation on pain anxiety related to dressing changes in burn injuries.	A randomised clinical trial with a control group.	N = 100 (72 male, 28 female) Mean age 32.95 years (SD = 11.33) ranging from 18 to 60 years.	BSPAS	Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, dependent and independent t-test and Fisher’s exact test	Following jaw relaxation intervention (before dressing) there was a significant difference in the experimental group (p<0.05). Post-dressing pain anxiety of the experimental group was less than the control group (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between before and after dressing pain anxiety (after intervention) in the experimental group (p = 0.303).
Ozdemir & Sarritas [47] Turkey	Determine the effect of yoga on self-esteem and body image of burn patients.	A quasi-experimental pre-test post-test with a control groups clinical trial.	N = 110 (52 male, 58 female) Age range 18–85 years.	The Body Image Scale RSES	Chi-square test for comparison of percentage, mean, standard deviation, and control variables. Independent sample t-test for intergroup self-esteem and body image mean score comparison. Paired sample test for in-group self-esteem, a body image mean score comparison was used after yoga practice, and Cronbach’s alpha for reliability analysis.	After yoga practice, there was a statistically significant increase and improvement in the self-esteem (p < 0.05) and body image of the experimental group (p < 0.05). A statistically significant decline in the score average of pre-test and post-test of body image of the patients in the control group was observed (p<0.05).
Li et al. [45] China	Observe the effect of a rehabilitation intervention on the comprehensive health status of patients with hand burns.	Randomized controlled design	n = 60 (n = 30 intervention group + n = 30 control group) (47 male, 13 female) Mean age±SD for control group 38.33±14.10 and intervention group 35.5±12.59.	BSHS-B	Descriptive statistical analysis used to determine means, ranges, and standard deviations of the variables, Student’s t-test used to compare comprehensive health levels and four sub-domains at the baseline between groups, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also used to determine whether there was an effect of intervention on comprehensive health level.	The rehabilitation intervention group had significantly better scores than the control group for comprehensive health (p<0.001), physical function(p<0.001), psychological function (p<0.001), social function (p<0.001) and general health (p<0.001).
Morris et al. [41] South Africa	Ascertain the feasibility and potential effect of a Virtual Reality system used in conjunction with analgesia, on reducing pain and anxiety in adult burn patients undergoing physiotherapy treatment, compared to analgesia alone.	A randomized (condition only), single-blind (assessor blinded only), single-subject, pre–post experimental case series (within-subject) design	n = 11 (3 female, 8 male) Median age 33 years (range 23–54 years).	NPRS BSPAS	Box-and-whisker plot method, Chi-square tests as well as the Student’s paired t-test were used to analyse data.	A marginal (p = 0.06) to insignificant (p = 0.13) difference between the two sessions (analgesia with VR and analgesia without VR) in reducing pain was found. No significant difference (p = 0.58) was found between the two sessions (analgesia with VR and analgesia without VR) for anxiety.
Park et al. [48] South Korea	Evaluate the effects of Relaxation Breathing on procedural pain and anxiety during burn dressing changes.	A quasi-experimental, pre-test-post-test comparison group design without random assignment to groups.	N = 60 (n = 30 experimental group and n = 30 control group) (29 male, 31 female)	VAS	Descriptive statistics, including mean, median, and standard deviation (SD), were obtained to describe the sociodemographic and burn-specific variables. The homogeneity test was used to detect any significant group differences in the demographic data and pre-test measures.	The pain scores significantly differed between the 2 groups after intervention (RB group vs. control group, P = .01) and over time (pretest vs. posttest, P = .001). The anxiety scores significantly differed between the 2 groups (P = .01) and over time (P = .02).
Fauerbach et al. [42] USA	Determine if contradictory coping messages would lead to an approach–avoidance coping conflict and to determine if experiment-induced coping conflict is also associated with higher distress.	Randomised, within-subject crossover design	n = 59 (45 male, 14 female)	IES	Analyses were conducted to test for pre-test differences using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson’s w2 statistic, or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate	Participants in the process-then-suppress condition, relative to the suppress-then-process condition, were significantly more likely to exhibit approach–avoidance coping conflict. Approach–avoidance coping conflict was associated with greater re-experiencing symptoms. The order of coping skill training can influence treatment outcome, success of coping methods, and overall levels of distress.
Wiechman et al. [43] USA	Determine the effects of hypnosis on postburn itch and pain relief.	A andomized control trial with a control group.	N = 27 (62% Caucasian & 60% male)	NPRS 5-D Itch Scale	Not outlined	There were no significant differences between the groups on any outcome measure and both groups demonstrated improved pain and itch over time. There was a large effect size for Itch as measured by the NRS (intensity) and the 5D Itch Scale from baseline to 1 month.
Seyedoshohadaee et al. [49] Iran	Determine the effect of a short-term training course by nurses on body image in patients with burn injuries.	A semi-experimental single-group survey	n = 130 (65 women and 65 men)	SWAP	Descriptive statistical analysis used to determine means, paired sample t-test, used to outline the difference between the mean scores of body image before and after educational interventions	The mean scores of the body image of patients before and after the intervention were 49.44±11.39 and 41.63±11.89, respectively. There was a significant difference between the mean scores of body image before and after educational interventions (T = 6.013, P≤0.001).
Mamashli et al. [44] Iran	Determine the effect of implementing interventions based on mental empowerment through multimedia education in burn patients	A randomized clinical trial with a control group	n = 50 control group; n = 50 intervention group (44% female and 56% male)	BSHS-B	Descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square and independent and paired t tests for the distribution of normal variables), Fisher’s exact test, nonparametric tests e.g., Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon and Friedman test and Dunn test, with Bonferroni’s correction, Spearman correlation coefficient	Before interventions, the mean of mental dimension in intervention and control groups were 2.08±0.59 and 1.64±0.47, respectively (p<0.001). Three and six months after the Intervention, they were 3.37±0.93 and 2.24±0.4, 4.11±0.74 and 2.75±0.58, respectively (p<0.001).
Pruskowski et al. [51] USA	Determine the impact of a therapy dog programme	Cross sectional study	n = 14 patients and n = 23 staff	None used	Not outlined	Most patients reported improved pain and anxiety after working with the therapy dogs.