Table 4. Theme 1 empirically supported psychotherapeutic treatments.

Theme 1	Empirically supported psychotherapeutic treatments
Category	1. Relaxation Therapy	2. Hypnosis	3. Cognitive behavioural therapy; Virtual reality
Sub-category	These techniques reduce burn patients’ pain. Mental imagery had more reducing effect on pain intensity. A simple and inexpensive method of jaw relaxation can reduce the pain anxiety related to dressing in patients with burns. Decrease in distress and increase in relaxation levels during dressing changes.	Hypnosis for reduction of background pain and pain anxiety in patients with burns Hypnosis as part of a pain protocol (carried out by a qualified hypnotherapist) Hypnosis to treat burn pain and non-burn-related pruritus	CBT—Safety, Meaning, Activation, and Resilience Training (SMART) protocol Low-cost Virtual Reality (distraction) system used in conjunction with pharmacological analgesia
Codes	A significant difference in the mean score of pain intensity after dressing on the second day of burn between the control and the relaxation groups and mental imagery groups. A significant difference between the mean post-dressing pain anxiety scores in the experimental and control groups. Significant difference in pain and anxiety scores between two groups	Hypnosis is generally effective for the treatment of pain and pain anxiety, which is consistent with many studies confirming the effect not only on burns but also on many other types of acute or chronic diseases The study shows that a protocol in pain management including hypnosis reduced patient anxiety and exposure to pain, increased early opioid delivery, and decreased general anaesthesia requirements, hospital length of stay and costs Itch and pain seem to improve over time. Barriers to making hypnosis a feasible nonpharmacological option for patients who report burn pain and itch as impacting quality of life should be addressed.	CBT can target maladaptive ruminations, a core cognitive component of depression. No significant difference was found between the two conditions (with or without VR administration) in reducing anxiety.
Reference	[40, 46, 48]	[38, 43, 50]	[37, 41]