Table 1:
Selected characteristics of Pennsylvania and Arizona Medicaid beneficiaries
| 2013–16 Pennsylvania Medicaid (n=639 693) |
External validation datasets |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Training (n=213 231) | Testing (n=213 231) | Internal validation (n=213 231) | 2017–18 Pennsylvania Medicaid (n=318 585) | 2015–17 Arizona Medicaid (n=391 959) | |
|
| |||||
| Had ≥1 opioid overdose episode | 2894 (1·4%) | 2899 (1·4%) | 2848 (1·3%) | 2705 (0·8%) | 2410 (0·6%) |
| Mean age, years | 36·3 (12·2) | 36·3 (12·3) | 36·2 (12·2) | 39·2 (12·5) | 37·3 (12·8) |
| Age group, years | |||||
| 18–30 | 87 767 (41·2%) | 88 033 (41·3%) | 88 294 (41·4%) | 101 438 (31·8%) | 150 595 (38·4%) |
| 31–40 | 52 403 (24·6%) | 51 767 (24·3%) | 52 074 (24·4%) | 81 832 (25·7%) | 94 507 (24·1%) |
| 41–50 | 38 348 (18·0%) | 38 513 (18·1%) | 38 390 (18·0%) | 63 958 (20·1%) | 71 377 (18·2%) |
| 51–64 | 34 499 (16·2%) | 34 647 (16·2%) | 34 246 (16·1%) | 71 357 (22·4%) | 75 480 (19·3%) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 141 207 (66·2%) | 141 084 (66·2%) | 141 166 (66·2%) | 209 397 (65·7%) | 248 551 (63·4%) |
| Male | 72 024 (33·8%) | 72 147 (33·8%) | 72 065 (33·8%) | 109 188 (34·3%) | 143 408 (36·6%) |
| Race | |||||
| White | 129 585 (60·8%) | 129 668 (60·8%) | 129 779 (60·9%) | 198 166 (62·2%) | 215 020 (54·9%) |
| Black | 56 318 (26·4%) | 56 264 (26·4%) | 56 476 (26·5%) | 79 482 (24·9%) | 34 954 (8·9%) |
| Other or unknown | 27 328 (12·8%) | 27 299 (12·8%) | 26 976 (12·7%) | 40 937 (12·8%) | 141 985 (36·2%) |
| Metropolitan residence | 186 161 (87·3%) | 186 316 (87·4%) | 186 479 (87·5%) | 276 640 (86·8%) | 358 433 (91·4%) |
| Medicaid eligibility group at index | |||||
| Disabled | 62 742 (29·4%) | 62 609 (29·4%) | 62 592 (29·4%) | 70 025 (22·0%) | 22 018 (5·6%) |
| Newly eligible | 46 819 (22·0%) | 47 034 (22·1%) | 46 956 (22·0%) | 136 536 (42·9%) | 190 911 (48·7%) |
| Non-disabled adults | 103 670 (48·6%) | 103 588 (48·6%) | 103 683 (48·6%) | 112 024 (35·2%) | 179 030 (45·7%) |
| Number of opioid fills | 2·0 (1·7) | 2·0 (1·7) | 2·0 (1·7) | 2·0 (1·7) | 1·8 (1·5) |
| Average daily MME | 37·1 (60·8) | 37·0 (48·7) | 37·0 (80·4) | 37·7 (229·4) | 39·3 (42·6) |
| Cumulative days of concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine use | 3·0 (12·6) | 2·9 (12·5) | 3·0 (12·7) | 3·9 (15·0) | 2·7 (12·1) |
| Number of gabapentinoid fills | 0·19 (0·7) | 0·19 (0·7) | 0·19 (0·7) | 0·39 (1·1) | 0·22 (0·8) |
| Number of hospitalisations | 0·07 (0·3) | 0·07 (0·4) | 0·07 (0·4) | 0·08 (0·3) | 0·07 (0·4) |
| Number of emergency department visits | 0·65 (1·2) | 0·65 (1·2) | 0·65 (1·3) | 0·64 (1·3) | 0·79 (1·4) |
| Opioid use disorder | 9694 (4·5%) | 9729 (4·6%) | 9523 (4·5%) | 18 730 (5·9%) | 10 884 (2·8%) |
| Alcohol use disorder | 5864 (2·8%) | 5814 (2·7%) | 5900 (2·8%) | 9431 (3·0%) | 11 554 (2·9%) |
| Anxiety disorders | 26 579 (12·5%) | 26 436 (12·4%) | 26 368 (12·4%) | 60 225 (18·9%) | 47 132 (12·0%) |
| Mood disorders | 38 809 (18·2%) | 38 539 (18·1%) | 38 325 (18·0%) | 67 635 (21·2%) | 48 132 (12·3%) |
Data are n (%) or mean (SD). MME=morphine milligram equivalent.