Table 1.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis for predictors of ICU admission among COVID-19 patients (n = 1,792).
| Variables | ICU admission status |
COR(95% CI) | AOR(95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Admitted | Not admitted | |||
| n(%) | n(%) | |||
| Age | ||||
| 0-30 (ref) | 13 (4.8) | 256 (95.2) | 1 | 1 |
| 31-60 | 169 (14.8) | 973 (85.2) | 3.42 (1.91-6.11) | 2.76 (1.49-5.11)** |
| >60 | 164 (43.0) | 217 (57.0) | 14.88 (8.23-26.93) | 6.33 (3.32-12.06)*** |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 262 (75.7) | 875 (60.5) | 2.04 (1.56-2.66) | 1.6 (1.18-2.20)* |
| Female (ref) | 84 (24.3) | 571 (39.5) | 1 | 1 |
| Shortness of breath | ||||
| Yes | 204 (59.0) | 237 (16.4) | 7.33 (5.68-9.46) | 1.49 (0.94-2.38) |
| No (ref) | 142 (41.0) | 1,209 (83.6) | 1 | 1 |
| Health status | ||||
| Stable (ref) | 169 (48.8) | 1,357 (93.8) | 1 | 1 |
| Severely ill | 177 (51.2) | 89 (6.2) | 15.97 (11.82-21.57) | 7.20 (4.24-12.22)*** |
| 1 | ||||
| Patient on O2 | ||||
| Yes | 228 (65.9) | 280 (19.4) | 8.05 (6.22-10.41) | 3.08 (1.79-5.28)*** |
| No (ref) | 118 (34.1) | 1,166 (80.6) | 1 | 1 |
| SPO2 | ||||
| ≤ 94% | 246 (71.1) | 463 (32.0) | 5.22 (4.04-6.76) | 1.65 (1.12-2.43)* |
| ≥ 95% (ref) | 100 (28.9) | 983 (68.0) | 1 | 1 |
| Fever | ||||
| Yes | 94 (27.2) | 108 (7.5) | 4.62 (3.40-6.29) | 1.00 (0.65-1.52) |
| No (ref) | 252 (72.8) | 1,338 (92.5) | 1 | 1 |
| General weakness | ||||
| Yes | 93 (26.9) | 84 (5.8) | 5.96 (4.31-8.24) | 1.36 (0.88-2.09) |
| No (ref) | 253 (73.1) | 1,362 (94.2) | 1 | 1 |
| Headache | ||||
| Yes | 61 (17.6) | 84 (5.8) | 3.47 (2.44-4.94) | 1.73 (1.08-2.79)* |
| No | 285 (82.4) | 1,361 (94.2) | 1 | 1 |
| Dry cough | ||||
| Yes | 110 (31.8) | 82 (5.7) | 7.75 (5.64-10.65) | 2.04 (1.34-3.09)** |
| No (ref) | 236 (68.2%) | 1,364 (94.3) | 1 | 1 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Yes | 165 (47.7) | 157 (10.9) | 7.48 (5.72-9.79) | 2.28 (1.35-3.85)* |
| No (ref) | 181 (52.3) | 1,289 (89.1) | 1 | 1 |
| Obesity | ||||
| Yes | 18 (5.2) | 9 (0.6) | 8.76 (3.90-19.68) | 3.09 (1.05-9.08)* |
| No (ref) | 328 (94.8) | 1,437 (99.4) | 1 | 1 |
| CVDs incl HTN | ||||
| Yes | 62 (17.9) | 49 (3.4) | 6.22 (4.19-9.25) | 1.87 (1.14-3.06)* |
| No (ref) | 284 (82.1) | 1,397 (96.6) | 1 | 1 |
| HIV | ||||
| Yes | 21 (6.1) | 50 (3.5) | 1.80 (1.07-3.05) | 1.75 (0.95-3.21) |
| No (ref) | 325 (93.9) | 1,396 (96.5) | 1 | 1 |
| Diabetes | 3.30 (1.94-5.60)*** | |||
| Yes | 68 (19.7) | 29 (2.0) | 11.95 (7.60-18.81) | |
| No (ref) | 278 (80.3) | 1,417 (98.0) | 1 | |
| Chronic liver diseases | ||||
| Yes | 12 (3.5) | 23 (1.6) | 2.22 (1.10-4.51) | 1.36 (0.59-3.16) |
| No (ref) | 334 (96.5) | 1,423 (98.4) | 1 | 1 |
| Chronic lung disease | ||||
| Yes | 35 (10.1) | 15 (1.0) | 10.74 (5.79-19.90) | 3.35 (1.67-6.72)** |
| No (ref) | 311 (89.9) | 1,431 (99.0) | 1 | 1 |
| Malignancy/cancer | ||||
| Yes | 21 (6.1) | 11 (0.8) | 8.43 (4.02-17.66) | 3.55 (1.54-8.16)* |
| No (ref) | 325 (93.9) | 1,435 (99.2) | 1 | 1 |
| Renal disease | ||||
| Yes | 8 (2.3) | 19 (1.3) | 1.78 (0.77-4.09) | 1.51 (0.59-3.86) |
| No (ref) | 338 (97.7) | 1,426 (98.7) | 1 | 1 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Yes | 21 (6.1) | 36 (2.5) | 2.53 (1.46-4.39) | 1.15 (60-2.20) |
| No (ref) | 325 (93.9) | 1,410 (97.5) | 1 | 1 |
COR (95% CI): crude odds ratio at 95% confidence interval; AOR (95% CI): adjusted odds ratio, adjusted for age, gender, shortness of breath, health status, patient on O2 (oxygen), oxygen saturation(SPO2), fever, general weakness, headache, dry cough, comorbidities, obesity, CVDs incl HTN (cardiovascular diseases including hypertension), HIV, diabetes, chronic liver disease, chronic lung disease, malignancy/cancer, renal disease, and smoking. OR: Odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; P-value for overall association *P < 0.05, **P =0.001 and ***P < 0.0001.