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. 2022 Jun 27;18(7):774–781. doi: 10.1038/s41589-022-01054-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 6 — a, Representative GC-MS profiles (TICs) of sea urchin, sea star and sea cucumber adult tissues. The peaks at 10.1, 10.4 and 11.52 min are lathosterol (7), episterol (22), and avenasterol (21), respectively. Peak eluting at 9.98 min unique to sea cucumbers and was characterized to be 14α-methylcholest-9(11)-en-3β-ol (11) (Supplementary Tables 5–7). b, Levels of cholesterol (5), lathosterol (7) and 14α-methylcholest-9(11)-en-3β-ol (11) in adult tissues of A. japonicus (mean ± SD, n = 2). Dw, dry weight (see Source Extended Data Fig. 6). c, Unusual sterols renders sea star and sea cucumber membranes saponin resistant. 3D conformations of cholesterol (5), lathosterol (7) and 14α-methylcholest-9(11)-en-3β-ol (11) showing flat conformation of side chain in 5 and bent conformation in 7 and 11. 3D conformations were optimized using Frog2 server with default parameters⁶⁰. d, GC mass spectrum of the sterols observed. Avenasterol (21) and episterol (22) and were identified based on known spectra in the literature and others based on authentic standards. All sterols are TMS derivatives.

Source data