Table 1.
Effects of maternal gut microbiome and B. breve administration during pregnancy on maternal body composition, circulating metabolites and hormones in maternal serum, and metabolites in caecum on day 16.5 of gestation
| SPF (n = 6) | GF (n = 5) | BIF (n = 6) | SPF vs GF | SPF vs BIF | GF vs BIF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hysterectomy weight (g) | 26.01 ± 0.91 | 27.87 ± 0.78 | 27.17 ± 0.80 | NS | NS | NS |
| Digestive tract (g) | 2.76 ± 0.03 | 6.83 ± 0.32 | 7.25 ± 0.63 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | NS |
| Caecum (g) | 0.66 ± 0.03 | 3.47 ± 0.25 | 3.96 ± 0.41 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | NS |
| Small intestine (g) | 1.66 ± 0.03 | 2.65 ± 0.11 | 2.59 ± 0.14 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | NS |
| Pancreas (mg) | 315.40 ± 30.12 | 183.40 ± 24.74 | 190.60 ± 38.71 | 0.041 | 0.044 | NS |
| Gonadal fat (mg) | 433.10 ± 43.20 | 297.0 ± 37.02 | 272.0 ± 27.35 | NS | 0.016 | NS |
| Liver (g) | 2.09 ± 0.10 | 1.79 ± 0.05 | 1.55 ± 0.08 | NS | 0.001 | NS |
| Spleen (mg) | 117.90 ± 2.80 | 91.76 ± 10.60 | 83.03 ± 6.72 | NS | 0.012 | NS |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 8.08 ± 0.78 | 8.38 ± 1.18 | 8.88 ± 0.74 | NS | NS | NS |
| Insulin (μg/L) | 0.12 ± 0.004 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 0.20 ± 0.06 | NS | NS | NS |
| Leptin (pg/mL) | 2465 ± 177.1 | 2739 ± 486 | 2425 ± 303 | NS | NS | NS |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.33 ± 0.03 | 1.56 ± 0.08 | 1.41 ± 0.09 | NS | NS | NS |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.54 ± 0.08 | 1.79 ± 0.14 | 1.50 ± 0.11 | NS | NS | NS |
| Free Fatty Acids (μmol/L) | 890.6 ± 101.3 | 1440 ± 362 | 1092 ± 114.5 | NS | NS | NS |
| SPF (n = 3) | GF (n = 4) | BIF (n = 5) | SPF vs GF | SPF vs BIF | GF vs BIF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal caecum metabolites | ||||||
| Butyrate (mmol/kg) | 12.47 ± 7.97 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.006 | 0.008 | NS |
| Citrulline (mmol/kg) | 0.30 ± 0.06 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.006 | 0.008 | NS |
| Fucose (mmol/kg) | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.006 | 0.008 | NS |
| Isobutyrate (mmol/kg) | 0.41 ± 0.24 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.006 | 0.008 | NS |
| Isovalerate (mmol/kg) | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.006 | 0.008 | NS |
| Malonate (mmol/kg) | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.006 | 0.008 | NS |
| Methylamine (mmol/kg) | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.006 | 0.008 | NS |
| Propionate (mmol/kg) | 4.48 ± 1.99 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.006 | 0.008 | NS |
| Trimethylamine (mmol/kg) | 0.06 ± 0.007 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.006 | 0.008 | NS |
| Valerate (mmol/kg) | 0.57 ± 0.27 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.006 | 0.008 | NS |
| 2.methylbutyrate (mmol/kg) | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.006 | 0.008 | NS |
| 5.Aminopentanoate (mmol/kg) | 0.33 ± 0.14 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.006 | 0.008 | NS |
| Acetate (mmol/kg) | 35.49 ± 20.66 | 0.55 ± 0.06 | 3.22 ± 1.39 | 0.006 | 0.129 | 0.094 |
Body composition and metabolites/hormones in serum were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparisons test. Metabolites in maternal caecum were analysed by Kruskal–Wallis test followed by multiple comparisons using the Benjamini & Hochberg false discovery rate method and Dunn's test. ROUT test was used for the identification of outlier values. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. NS: not significant. Data presented as mean ± SEM. The number of dams used for each group is annotated on the table and only data from dams at day 16.5 of gestation were used