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. 2022 Jun 14;13:913178. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.913178

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Copyright © 2022 Wang, Li, Liu, Luo, Guo, Yang, Xu, Ma and Chen

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Possible mechanisms of probiotics supplementation on PALI recovery. Probiotics can restore the function of the intestinal barrier by inhibiting the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, increasing the production of 3-hydroxyoctadecenoic acid (C18-3OH), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), mucin2 (MUC2), and secretory IgA (SIgA), and regulating the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins. In addition, probiotics have the capacity to reduce the neutrophil infiltration and release of inflammatory cytokines, maintain the balance of the intestinal immune system, and reduce the translocation of bacteria, inflammatory factors, etc., resulting in the alleviation of PALI.