AECs	alveolar epithelial cells
AhR	arylhydrocarbon receptor
ALI	acute lung injury
ALRs	melanoma 2 (AIM)-like receptors
AMPs	antimicrobial peptides
AMs	alveolar macrophages
AP-1	active protein-1
BALF	bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
BT	bacterial translocation
C18-3OH	3-hydroxyoctadecenoic acid
caspase-1	cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-1
CIRP	cold-inducible RNA-binding protein
DAMPs	damage-associated molecular patterns
DCA	deoxycholic acid
DCs	dendritic cells
EN	enteral nutrition
ERS	endoplasmic reticulum stress
EVs	extracellular vesicles
FFAs	free fatty acids
FMT	fecal microbiota transplantation
FXR	farnesoid X receptor
GALTs	gut-associated lymphoid tissues
GCs	goblet cells
GF	germ-free
5-HT	5-hydroxytryptophan
HMGB1	high mobility group box-1
HSPs	heat shock proteins
I/R	ischemia/reperfusion
IBS	irritable bowel syndrome
ICAM-1	intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1
IECs	intestinal epithelial cells
IELs	intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes
IFN-γ	interferon γ
ILCs	innate lymphoid cells
LPLs	lamina propria lymphocytes
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MLNs	mesenteric lymph nodes
MMP-9	matrix metalloproteinase-9
MODS	multiple organ dysfunction syndromes
MOF	multiple organ failure
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
NETs	neutrophil extracellular traps
NF-&κB	nuclear factor-κB
NKs	natural killer cells
NLRs	nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain like receptors
NLRP3	NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3
PAFr	platelet-activating receptor
PALI	SAP-associated lung injury
PAMPs	pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PCs	paneth cells
PCS	p-cresol sulfate
PP	peyer patch
PPAR-γ	peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ
PRRs	pattern recognition receptors
RAGE	receptor for advanced glycation end products
RhoA	Ras homolog gene family member A
SAP	severe acute pancreatitis
SCFAs	short-chain fatty acids
SDD	selective digestive decontamination
SIgA	secretory IgA
SIRS	systemic inflammatory response syndrome
STAT3	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
TCM	traditional Chinese medicine
TG	triglycerides
TJs	tight junctions
TLRs	toll-like receptors
TMAO	trimethylamine N-oxide
TPN	total parenteral nutrition
Tregs	regulatory T cells
vWF	vascular hemophilia factor
WSES	World Society of Emergency Surgery
ZO-1	zonula occludens-1