Table 2.

Summary of data extraction from articles selected for review.

Authors	Year of publication	Study design	Country of origin	Source population	Femoral head specimens	Discordant diagnoses	Cost analysis	Conclusion on routine pathology
Campbell et al. [8]	1997	Multicenter, retrospective	US	THA for any indication	283	1.06%	$140-$200 per specimen; $17.5-25 million in savings without routine pathology	Against
Dermawan et al. [9]	2021	Multicenter, retrospective	US	Elective THA	1722	0%	None	For
DiCarlo et al. [7]	2014	Single center, retrospective	US	THA for any indication	7968	1.46%	Less than 0.5% of total costs saved without routine pathology	For
Kocher et al. [5]	2000	Single center, retrospective	US	THA for OA	471	0.21%	$89.08 per specimen; $122,728 per discordant case	Against
Lawrence et al. [10]	1999	Single center, retrospective	US	THA for any indication	562	0%	$102.59 per specimen	Against
Layfield et al. [11]	2020	Single center, retrospective	US	THA for OA	953	0.52%	None	For
Lin et al. [4]	2012	Single center, retrospective	US	Elective THA	457	0.22%	$102.37 per specimen; no gain in QALY	Against
Liow et al. [6]	2017	Single center, retrospective	US	Elective THA	3200	0.16%	$185.14 per specimen; $122,932.96 per discordant case; $49,569.74/QALY	For
Meding et al. [12]	2000	Single center, retrospective	US	THA for any indication	313	0%	$60-$283 per specimen	Against
Niggemeyer et al. [13]	2011	Single center, prospective	Germany	THA for inflammatory arthritis or OA	100	0%	None	Against
O'Connell et al. [14]	1999	Single center, retrospective	US	THA for any indication	164	1.22%	None	None
Raab et al. [15]	1998	Single center, retrospective	US	Elective THA	79	0%	$64 per specimen	Against
Sissons et al. [16]	1992	Single center, retrospective	US	THA for idiopathic osteonecrosis	264	0%	None	None
Zwitser et al. [17]	2009	Single center, prospective	Netherlands	Elective THA	852	1.64%	None	For

OA, osteoarthritis.