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. 2022 Jun 14;9:766869. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.766869

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Copyright © 2022 Sharma, Kannourakis, Prithviraj and Ahmed.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Role of precision medicine (PM) in RCC. (A) Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) staining of human kidney with RCC, (B) H & E of primary RCC showing typical epithelial nests of RCC cells with clear cytoplasm (Magnification: 100X), (C) adjacent normal kidney tissue, (D) metastatic RCC invading the pancreas of a patient tissue, (E) adjacent normal spleen in a patient tissue (Magnification: 100X). (F) heterogeneity in RCC patients due to diverse clinical and environmental factors, (G) current practice of treating patients – every patient treated with same standard drugs resulting in treatment failure and secondary resistance, (H) precision medicine approach utilizing data obtained from various platforms and stratifying patients with personalized treatments, (I) individualized treatment (PM) resulting in better clinical outcomes for patients.