Table 2.
Prevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among incarcerated participants and association with demographic characteristics, perceived likelihood of prior infection, and access to masks.
| % Antibody positive (N/Total) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| County | ||
| San Mateo County | 5.6 (22/394) | Ref |
| Santa Clara County | 22.3 (66/296) | 3.3 (1.8–6.2)*** |
| Gender | ||
| Men | 12.4 (77/620) | Ref |
| Transgender/gender non-conforming | 0 (0/6) | 0 (NA) |
| Women | 17.2 (11/64) | 1.4 (0.6–3.0) |
| Age | ||
| 18–29 | 13.6 (31/228) | Ref |
| 30–49 | 12.8 (47/368) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) |
| 50+ | 10.9 (10/92) | 1.0 (0.4–2.2) |
| Unknown | 0 (0/2) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Other/Unknown | 5.6 (4/72) | Ref |
| Asian | 23.8 (10/42) | 5.7 (1.5–21.0)** |
| Black | 7.5 (10/134) | 1.6 (0.4–5.5) |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 15.9 (52/328) | 3.0 (1.0–9.4) |
| White | 10.5 (12/114) | 2.2 (0.7–7.8) |
| Secure housing | ||
| Yes | 13.5 (61/451) | Ref |
| No | 9.4 (20/213) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) |
| Prefer not to answer | 26.9 (7/26) | 3.0 (1.0–8.7)* |
| Length of time incarcerated | ||
| <30 days | 11.6 (26/225) | Ref |
| 30–183 days | 12.5 (26/208) | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) |
| 184 + days | 15.3 (31/203) | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) |
| Unknown | 9.3 (5/54) | |
| Number of cell mates | ||
| 0–1 | 9.8 (40/410) | Ref |
| 2–07 | 7.2 (9/125) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) |
| 8+ | 25.3 (38/150) | 1.8 (1.0–3.3)* |
| Unknown | 20.0 (1/5) | |
| Perceived likelihood of prior infection | ||
| Very unlikely/unlikely | 3.9 (14/355) | Ref |
| Possible | 5.1 (8/158) | 1.3 (0.5–3.2) |
| Likely/very likely | 24.5 (13/53) | 8.9 (3.6–22.0)*** |
| Prefer not to answer | 14.8 (4/27) | 1.6 (0.4–6.7) |
| I tested positive for COVID-19 | 50.5 (49/97) | |
| Access to new masks | ||
| Once a week | 1.9 (1/54) | Ref |
| Less than once a week | 18.4 (77/419) | 13.8 (1.8–107.0)* |
| Prefer not to answer | 17.9 (5/28) | 9.2 (1.0–89.4) |
| Flu-like illness since Feb 2020 | ||
| Sick in jail, reported symptoms | 42.4 (28/66) | |
| Sick in jail, did not report symptoms | 16.7 (7/42) | |
| Sick outside of jail | 20.3 (16/79) | |
| None | 6.6 (32/483) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 25.0 (5/20) | |
| Total | 12.8 (88/690) | |
Participants already vaccinated at the time of enrollment were excluded. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) from Model 1 are shown for demographic and carceral characteristics (county, gender, age, race/ethnicity, secure housing, length of time incarcerated, number of cell mates). Adjusted ORs from Model 2 and Model 3 are shown for perceived likelihood of past infection and access to new masks, respectively. CI, confidence interval.
*p <0.05.
**p <0.01.
***p <0.001.