TABLE 4.
Measures related to knee swelling during the prehabilitation- and post-operative period.
| CON (N = 10) | BFR (N = 10) | AC (N = 10) | One-way ANOVA/rANOVA (p/ηp 2) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time | Group | Time x group | ||||||||||
| CON | BFR | AC | Baseline | 3w-Prehab | Pre-OP | 3m-Post-OP | 6m-Post-OP | |||||
| Upper knee circumference OP (cm) | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 45.0 (4.5) | 44.0 (3.1) | 43.9 (4.1) | 0.686/0.014 | 0.323/0.083 | 0.505/0.060 | ||||||
| 3w-Prehab | 45.0 (4.5) | 43.7 (3.4) | 43.4 (4.0) | |||||||||
| Pre-OP | 45.0 (4.5) | 43.7 (3.8) | 43.3 (4.2) | |||||||||
| 3m-Post-OP | 46.0 (5.0) | 44.3 (3.3) | 43.8 (4.2) | |||||||||
| 6m-Post-OP | 44.8 (5.1) | 43.9 (3.4) | 43.6 (4.2) | |||||||||
| Upper knee circumference NonOP (cm) | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 44.5 (3.8) | 43.3 (3.0) | 42.2 (3.1) | 0.057/0.287 | 0.069/0.209 | 0.278/0.129 | 0.485/0.052 | 0.509/0.049 | 0.600/0.037 | 0.793/0.017 | 0.805/0.016 | 0.010/0.213 |
| 3w-Prehab | 44.5 (3.8) | 43.2 (3.3) | 42.4 (4.0) | |||||||||
| Pre-OP | 44.5 (3.8) | 43.8 (3.8) | 42.6 (4.2) | |||||||||
| 3m-Post-OP | 44.0 (5.5) | 43.6 (3.1) | 42.7 (4.1) | |||||||||
| 6m-Post-OP | 43.7 (5.3) | 43.7 (3.3) | 42.6 (4.1) | |||||||||
| %Difference upper knee NonOP - OP | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 1.22 (2.04) | 1.78 (1.81) | 3.90 (2.01)e | 0.017/0.445 | 0.073/0.239 | 0.093/0.250 | 0.012/0.280 | 0.181/0.119 | 0.076/0.174 | 0.049/0.200 | 0.097/0.159 | 0.049/0.172 |
| 3w-Prehab | 1.22 (2.04) | 1.62 (1.48) | 2.65 (1.63) | |||||||||
| Pre-OP | 1.22 (2.04) | 0.31 (1.04) | 1.96 (1.40) | |||||||||
| 3m-Post-OP | 4.39 (2.31)* | 1.77 (1.51) | 2.84 (2.79) | |||||||||
| 6m-Post-OP | 2.64 (1.78)d | 1.09 (0.74) | 2.79 (2.59) | |||||||||
| Middle knee circumference OP (cm) | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 43.8 (4.5) | 42.7 (3.2) | 42.7 (3.2) | 0.172/0.065 | 0.096/0.165 | 0.134/0.123 | ||||||
| 3w-Prehab | 43.8 (4.5) | 42.4 (2.5) | 42.2 (3.2) | |||||||||
| Pre-OP | 43.8 (4.5) | 42.4 (2.9) | 42.1 (3.3) | |||||||||
| 3m-Post-OP | 44.8 (4.1) | 42.7 (2.7) | 42.6 (3.0) | |||||||||
| 6m-Post-OP | 43.6 (4.0) | 41.8 (2.9) | 42.4 (2.9) | |||||||||
| Middle knee circumference NonOP (cm) | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 42.9 (4.5) | 41.5 (3.4) | 41.0 (3.9) | 0.563/0.024 | 0.264/0.097 | 0.555/0.058 | ||||||
| 3w-Prehab | 42.9 (4.5) | 41.8 (3.6) | 41.2 (3.9) | |||||||||
| Pre-OP | 42.9 (4.5) | 41.7 (3.7) | 41.2 (4.1) | |||||||||
| 3m-Post-OP | 42.7 (5.4) | 41.8 (3.2) | 41.2 (4.0) | |||||||||
| 6m-Post-OP | 42.3 (5.2) | 41.6 (3.3) | 41.1 (4.1) | |||||||||
| %Difference middle knee NonOP - OP | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 1.87 (1.74) | 2.85 (2.24) | 4.20 (1.41) | 0.140/0.072 | 0.046/0.211 | 0.107/0.133 | ||||||
| 3w-Prehab | 1.87 (1.74) | 1.54 (2.24) | 2.58 (1.78) | |||||||||
| Pre-OP | 1.87 (1.74) | 1.82 (2.67) | 2.05 (1.75) | |||||||||
| 3m-Post-OP | 4.86 (2.94) | 2.27 (1.75) | 3.25 (4.00) | |||||||||
| 6m-Post-OP | 3.14 (2.18) | 0.75 (2.65) | 3.19 (2.96) | |||||||||
| Lower knee circumference OP (cm) | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 39.4 (3.5) | 38.5 (3.4) | 39.0 (3.2) | 0.017/0.149 | 0.067/0.188 | 0.059/0.164 | ||||||
| 3w-Prehab | 39.4 (3.5) | 37.8 (3.1) | 38.7 (3.3) | |||||||||
| Pre-OP | 39.4 (3.5) | 37.7 (3.8) | 38.6 (3.3) | |||||||||
| 3m-Post-OP | 40.3 (4.1) | 38.6 (3.4) | 38.6 (3.3) | |||||||||
| 6m-Post-OP | 39.4 (4.0) | 38.3 (3.7) | 38.8 (3.2) | |||||||||
| Lower knee circumference NonOP (cm) | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 39.0 (3.6) | 37.5 (3.1) | 37.5 (3.3) | 0.335/0.008 | 0.335/0.081 | 0.384/0.076 | ||||||
| 3w-Prehab | 39.0 (3.6) | 37.3 (2.8) | 37.4 (3.3) | |||||||||
| Pre-OP | 39.0 (3.6) | 37.3 (3.0) | 37.7 (3.3) | |||||||||
| 3m-Post-OP | 38.8 (4.1) | 37.3 (2.7) | 37.7 (3.3) | |||||||||
| 6m-Post-OP | 38.7 (3.9) | 37.4 (2.8) | 37.7 (3.1) | |||||||||
| %Difference lower knee NonOP - OP | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 0.76 (3.51) | 2.60 (1.89) | 3.83 (2.16) | <0.001/0.373 | 0.573/0.042 | 0.282/0.091 | ||||||
| 3w-Prehab | 0.76 (3.51) | 1.39 (2.00) | 3.49 (2.58) | |||||||||
| Pre-OP | 0.76 (3.51) | 1.04 (1.89) | 2.54 (1.78) | |||||||||
| 3m-Post-OP | 4.06 (2.42) | 3.51 (2.65) | 2.32 (3.30) | |||||||||
| 6m-Post-OP | 1.90 (1.55) | 2.30 (2.25) | 2.94 (2.21) | |||||||||
Data are provided as mean (standard deviation). CON, control group; BFR, BFR-training group; AC, active control group; rANOVA, repeated-measures analysis of variance; OP, operated leg; NonOP, non-operated leg.
a p < 0.05, significantly different to baseline within the respective group.
b p < 0.05, significantly different to 3w-Prehab within the respective group.
c p < 0.05, significantly different to Pre-OP within the respective group.
d p < 0.05, significantly different to 3m-Post-OP within the respective group.
e p < 0.05, significantly different to CON within the respective time point.