Table 3.
Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios of factors independently associated with suicide risk among Brazilian undergraduates
| Variable | Crude PR (95% CI) | Adjusted PR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Level – socioeconomic position | ||
| Sex | p < 0.001 | p = 0.003 |
| Male | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 1.30 (1.14–1.47) | 1.25 (1.10–1.41) |
| Sexual orientation | p < 0.001 | p = 0.025 |
| Heterosexual | 1 | 1 |
| Homo/bi/pansexual | 2.21 (1.98–2.46) | 2.14 (1.91–2.39) |
| Age | p < 0.001 | p = 0.040 |
| 18–24 years | 1.55 (1.28–1.89) | 1.31 (1.08–1.59) |
| 25–31 years | 1.43 (1.14–1.80) | 1.25 (1.00–1.57) |
| 32 years or more | 1 | 1 |
| Race and ethnicity | p = 0.017 | p = 0.027 |
| White | 1 | 1 |
| Black, brown, or other | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | 1.15 (1.03–1.29) |
| Income per capita (median in each quintile) | p < 0.001 | p = 0.005 |
| 1st quintile (poorest) | 1.70 (1.41–2.04) | 1.47 (1.21–1.79) |
| 2nd quintile | 1.38 (1.14–1.68) | 1.20 (0.99–1.47) |
| 3rd quintile | 1.37 (1.14–1.67) | 1.24 (1.03–1.51) |
| 4th quintile | 1.30 (1.07–1.58) | 1.19 (0.98–1.45) |
| 5th quintile (richest) | 1 | 1 |
| Income during the pandemic | p < 0.001 | p = 0.013 |
| Increased | 1.20 (0.96–1.51) | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) |
| Remained the same | 1 | 1 |
| Decreased | 1.42 (1.24–1.62) | 1.22 (1.07–1.40) |
| Had no income | 2.09 (1.60–2.73) | 1.75 (1.33–2.30) |
| 2nd Level – current conditions and academic variables | ||
| Current housing region | p = 0.005 | p = 0.356 |
| South | 1 | 1 |
| Southeast | 1.06 (0.89–1.27) | 1.09 (0.91–1.30) |
| Central-west | 1.22 (1.03–1.43) | 1.17 (0.99–1.38) |
| North | 1.35 (1.13–1.60) | 1.20 (1.00–1.42) |
| Northeast | 1.12 (0.86–1.45) | 1.09 (0.85–1.41) |
| Housing status | p < 0.001 | p = 0.350 |
| Lives with family members | 0.70 (0.58–0.84) | 0.87 (0.73–1.05) |
| Lives alone | 1 | 1 |
| Lives with friends/peers | 1.01 (0.76–1.33) | 0.96 (0.73–1.25) |
| Housing quality | p = 0.224 | p = 0.457 |
| Better | 1 | 1 |
| Worse | 1.07 (0.96–1.20) | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) |
| Food insecurity | p < 0.001 | p = 0.008 |
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.91 (1.68–2.16) | 1.53 (1.34–1.75) |
| Social support | p < 0.001 | p = 0.006 |
| Low | 1 | 1 |
| Medium | 0.61 (0.54–0.69) | 0.64 (0.57–0.73) |
| High | 0.25 (0.21–0.30) | 0.31 (0.26–0.38) |
| Desired course on entry | p < 0.001 | p = 0.205 |
| No | 1.27 (1.13–1.44) | 0.92 (0.81–1.03) |
| Yes | 1 | 1 |
| Satisfaction with current course | p < 0.001 | p = 0.005 |
| Not at all/unsatisfied | 1.86 (1.61–2.15) | 1.44 (1.25–1.67) |
| Moderately satisfied | 1.24 (1.09–1.40) | 1.07 (0.94–1.21) |
| Very/totally satisfied | 1 | 1 |
| 3rd Level – implications of the COVID-19 pandemic | ||
| Number of days left the home in the last 2 weeks | p < 0.001 | p = 0.353 |
| None | 1.59 (1.25–2.02) | 1.16 (0.92–1.47) |
| 1–5 days | 1.13 (0.96–1.32) | 1.00 (0.86–1.17) |
| 6–10 days | 0.98 (0.80–1.18) | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) |
| 11–14 days | 1 | 1 |
| Number of days accessed information about the COVID-19 pandemic in the last week | p = 0.704 | p = 0.886 |
| None | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 1.05 (0.89–1.23) |
| 1–3 days | 1 | 1 |
| 4–6 days | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) | 1.03 (0.87–1.20) |
| 7 days | 1.08 (0.94–1.24) | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) |
| Risk factor for worsening COVID-19 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.010 |
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.44 (1.28–1.60) | 1.18 (1.05–1.32) |
| Infection by COVID-19 | p = 0.388 | p = 0.491 |
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) |
| Concern about delay in graduation due to COVID-19 pandemic | p < 0.001 | p = 0.025 |
| Not at all/a little concerned | 1 | 1.15 (0.96–1.39) |
| Moderately concerned | 0.92 (0.75–1.11) | 1 |
| Very/extremely concerned | 1.34 (1.13–1.58) | 1.23 (1.07–1.40) |
| Infection of close person by COVID-19 | p = 0.113 | p = 0.007 |
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 0.90 (0.78–1.03) | 0.81 (0.71–0.93) |
| Death of close person from COVID-19 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.034 |
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.23 (1.10–1.38) | 1.15 (1.02–1.29) |
| Fear of COVID-19 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.011 |
| A little | 1 | 1 |
| Moderate | 1.24 (1.08–1.42) | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) |
| Very | 1.78 (1.54–2.03) | 1.24 (1.06–1.44) |
| 4th Level – behavioral and mental health variables | ||
| Physical activity in the previous week | p = 0.003 | p = 0.150 |
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 0.84 (0.75–0.94) | 1.09 (0.98–1.21) |
| Generalized anxiety | p < 0.001 | p = 0.004 |
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 3.54 (3.14–3.98) | 1.59 (1.38–1.83) |
| Depression | p < 0.001 | p = 0.004 |
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 6.51 (5.39–7.86) | 3.45 (2.77–4.29) |
| Stress | p < 0.001 | p = 0.003 |
| Less stressed (1st–3rd quartiles) | 1 | 1 |
| More stressed (4th quartile) | 3.31 (2.98–3.69) | 1.40 (1.24–1.58) |
SABES-Grad Study, Brazil, 2021.
Notes. PR, prevalence ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. Multivariate analysis using Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment according to a four-level hierarchical model.