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. 2022 Jun 14;13:904451. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.904451

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Copyright © 2022 Mohd Zaki, Hadingham, Flaviani, Haque, Mi, Finucane, Dalla Valle, Mason, Saqi, Gibbons and Tribe.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cross sectional analysis of immune cells present in cytobrush samples (A) Representative flow cytometry gating strategy on single cell suspension from a cytobrush sample taken at 10–24 gestation. Cells were gated on live CD45+ prior to hierarchical gating on T cells, B cells, NK cells, neutrophils and monocytes. (B) Mean proportion of CD45+ immune cells in the cervicovaginal environment (n = 51 samples from N = 46 women). (C) Immune cell proportions from cytobrush samples by term (N = 40) and preterm (N = 6) outcome. There was no statistical difference in immune cell proportions by pregnancy outcome (Wilcoxon rank sum tests). (D) Immune cell profile across gestation (sampling window from 10 to 24 weeks’, n = 51 samples from N = 46 women). p values were assessed by linear regression (^*p < 0.05).