Table 4.

Summary of studies evaluating the effects of CS-based NPs, CMCSNPs, and CS-modified metal NPs on the in vitro cell migration rate using a scratch assay.

NP formulation	Active ingredient	Encapsulation efficiency	Diameter	Surface charge	Cell type	Percentage wound closure	Reference
Therapeutic compound loaded CS-based NPs
CSNPa	CUR	99.93%	279.70 ± 20.30 nm†	+52.4 ± 1.50 mV	Human Dermal Fibroblast-Adult (HDFa)	• Control (40.02%) • CSNP (19.86%) • CUR-loaded CSNP (69.39%)	[128]
CSNPa	GA	73.20% ± 2.10%	252.90 ± 3.09 nm†	+33.50 ± 0.30 mV	Murine Fibroblast (NIH/3T3)	• Control (Incomplete healing) • CSNP (Incomplete healing) • GA-loaded CSNP (Complete healing)	[143]
Lecithin/CSNPg	MEL	–	255.00 ± 7.70 nm†	+24.50 ± 0.60 mV	Human Keratinocyte (HaCaT)	• Control (27.0% ± 7.2%) • Lecithin/CSNP (44.7% ± 11.8%) • MEL-loaded lecithin/CSNP (59.4% ± 12.5%)	[168]
CMCSNPs
CMCSNPd	OH30	82.46% ± 1.11%	258.70 ± 13.30 nm†	+30.20 ± 5.10 mV	Human Keratinocyte (HaCaT)	• Control (≈60%) • OH30 (≈80%) • CMCSNP (≈75%) • OH30-loaded CMCSNP (≈90%)	[120]
Conjugated linoleic acid (LA)-CMCSNPg	rhEGF	82.43% ± 3.14%	155.30 ± 4.62 nm†	−23.30 ± 0.37 mV	Murine Fibroblast (L929)	• Control (11.27% ± 4.06%) • rhEGF (34.78% ± 2.18%) • rhEGF-loaded LA-CMCSNP (38.62% ± 5.29%)	[169]
CS-modified metal NPs
CS-AgNP#	Ag	–	225.30 nm†	−21.40 mV	Murine Macrophage (RAW 264.7)	• AgNO3 (59%) • CS (82%) • CS-AgNP (85%)	[136]

^aPrepared using ionic gelation method with TPP as a cross-linker.

^dPrepared using ionic gelation method with a mixture of CMCS and OH30.

^gPrepared using self-assembly.

^#Prepared using chemical reduction method.

^†Size measured using DLS.